Chikwawa District Development Plan

MALAWI GOVERNMENT

MINISTRY OF IRRIGATION AND WATER DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL WATER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

CHIKWAWA DISTRICT ASSEMBLY


DISTRICT RURAL WATER, SANITATION & HYGIENE



DISTRICT STRATEGIC INVESTMENT PLAN
(DSIP)
2008 – 2015

(Draft)


NOVEMBER 2008









Chikwawa District Rural Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Plan
District Strategic Investment
Plan (DSIP)

A plan to achieve the water & sanitation MDGs in Chikwawa
District, and to mobilise adequate financing to reach these goals


Prepared by the District Coordination Team, Chikwawa District

With support from the DfID, WaterAid
and Water For People


FOREWORD
Chikwawa District Assembly is one of the Local Authorities established through the act of parliament passed in 1998. As stipulated in the act, the Assembly has a noble duty to provide for the needs of its subjects that it serves through the provision of various Socio-Economic services.

For the Assembly to be aware of the district’s Socio-Economic needs, it formulates a Socio-Economic Profile (SEP) and a District Development Plan (DDP) every three years through which development issues are highlighted. So far the current DDP highlights 14 development issues that impinge on the lives of people in the district. One of those development issues captured is entitled ‘’Limited Access to Portable Water’’.

This development challenge is ranked second among the 14 development issues identified. This clearly shows how serious the issue of water and sanitation is like in the district.

Although there have been a number of development partners assisting in this area, like DFiD , UNICEF, Water For People, World Vision Malawi, Islamic Relief, European Union, MASAF, and others, much is still needed in order to reach out to all the areas of the district. This failure to reach out to all the areas of need in the district can be attributed to a number of factors such as:

Chikwawa District has 8 TAs and 2 STAs and the large size of the district and its geographical make up make it difficult to reach out to all the areas. The interventions initiated by the various development partners have not been comprehensive enough in order to adequately cover all the areas. Most of the partners have mainly concentrated in areas close to the main road and also close to the Boma and major trading centres. This has led to deprivation of remote areas.

It is because of this reason that the Assembly has developed a District Strategic Investment Plan (DSIP) for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2008-2015 for the realization of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and also as a contribution to the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS).

This plan has been developed with assistance from the Department for International Development (DfID). WaterAid Malawi and Water For People have facilitated the production of this plan.

This plan represents the status of the water and sanitation situation in Chikwawa at present, what the District wants to achieve in the future, the resources required to reach this, including the strategies needed to realize the vision. The plan is based on various data sources some of which may be gross estimates but the hope is to improve the planning capacity, as more reliable data becomes more abundant. The plan will be reviewed and sharpened in successive years. This plan is therefore very much a work in progress. Chikwawa District has opted to plan based on the available data and information and within present district capacities.

The plan is a huge investment at the district as well as at national level. Therefore, it cannot be financed solely by the District. Chikwawa District Assembly would like to invite friends like; bilateral partners, UN agencies, NGOs, the private sector etc. to study the plan and see where they can support. The district pledges to ensure an efficient and cost effective use of resources in a transparent manner.
Lastly, I would therefore like to extend my thanks to the District Coordination Team for their hard work in the development of this plan. I would also wish to acknowledge with thanks the financial assistance for the development of this important plan from the DFiD through Water-Aid and Water for People.

I wish to acknowledge contributions of the following organizations that have/are supporting the district namely; UNICEF, EU, DFiD, Water for People, World Vision Malawi, Red Cross Malawi, Fresh Water Project, Evangelical Lutheran Development Services, Chikwawa Scotland Initiative, Centre for Victimized Women and Children, Islamic Relief Organisation, and many more others.

It is our sincere hope that many others will come to our support.

Lawford T. L. Palani
Acting District Commissioner
Chikwawa District Assembly
30th November 2008.

FIGURE 1: MAP OF CHIKWAWA DISTRICT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword 3
Abbreviations And Acronyms 3
Executive Summary 3
1.0 Background….……………………………………………………………………………………..3
1.1 District Social And Economic Profile 3
1.1.1 Location……………………………………………………………………………………………..3
2.1. Institutional Arrangements 3
2.1.1. District Assembly 3
2.1.2. District Executive Committee/Assembly Secretariat (Dec/As) 3
2.1.3. Area Development Committee (Adcs) 3
2.1.4. Area Executive Committees (Aecs) 3
2.1.5. Village Development Committees (Vdcs) 3
2.1.6. District Coordinating Team (Dct) 3
2.1.7. Village Health And Water Committees (Vhwc) 3
4.0 District Finances 3
5.0 Water, Sanitation And Hygine (Wash) Situation In The District 3
5.1 Water 3
5.2 Community Sanitation And Hygiene Practices 3
6.0 Institutional Water And Sanitation 3
6.1 Educational Institution/Schools 3
6.2 Health Institutions 3
6.3 Community Sanitation 3
7.0 Past Achievements 3
7.1 Sanitation 3
7.2 Water 3
8.0 Partnerships 3
9.0 Strategies 3
9.1 The Challenge Of Reaching Mdg 7 3
9.3 Implementation Arrangements For Water And Sanitation 3
10.0 Planned Interventions 3
10.1 Water Supply 3
10.2 Water Supply At Community-Level 3
10.3 Water Supply In Schools 3
10.4 Water Supply In Health Centres 3
11.0 Water Resource Management 3
12.0 Water Supply Management And Technical Capacity 3
12.1 Sanitation 3
15.1 Institutional Capacity 3
15.2 Coordination 3
15.3 Monitoring And Evaluation 3
16.0 Progress Against Results 3
17.0 Sustainability Of Project Results 3
18.0 Data Management 3
19.0 Emergency Preparedness 3
20.0 Strategies 3
20.1 Activities 3
21.0 Reporting And Reviews 3
22.0 Expected Results 3
22.1 Planned Outputs 3
22.2 Summary Outcomes 3
23.0 Expected Impact 3
24.0 Financial Inputs 3
24.1 Estimated Costs By Output 3
24.2 Budget Summary 3
25.1 Community Investment 3
25.2 Partner Contributions 3


























TABLES
Table 1: NGOs Working In Water And Sanitation In Chikwawa 3
Table 2: Number Of Villages And Village Development Committees, By Ta 3
Table 3: Swot Analysis for Chikwawa..………………………………………………………...14
Table 4: The Number Of Boreholes And Condition Per Tradistional Authority 3
Table 6: East Bank And Chapananga Water Project 3
Table 7: Indicate The Ratio Of Has Versus District Population And Number Of Village Health Committees. 3
Table 8: The Population With Sanitatory Facilities 3
Table 9: Number Of Household Utilising Water Facilities And Properly Storage Of Water 3
Table 10: Number Of Boreholes With Sanitary Surrounding And Psw Functionality 3
Table 12: Status Of Water And Sanitation In Primary School In Chikwawa 3
Table 13: Status Of Sanitation In Secondary School In Chikwawa 3
Table 14: Availability Of Improved Water Sources In Schools 3
Table 15: Health Centres In Chikwawa With Safe Water Supply 3
Table 16: Sanitation In Health Facilities 3
Table 17: Improved Pit Latrines In Villages/Schools 3
Table 18: Improved Pit Latrines In Schools 3
Table 20: Partners 3
Table 26: Budget Summary For Dsip 3





ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ADC Area Development Committee
ADMARC Agriculture Development and Marketing Cooperation
AEC Area Executive Committee
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
CBCCC Community Based Child Care Centre
CBM Community Based Management
CDA Community Development Assistant
CDF Community Development Facilitator
CHAST Child Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation
CHAM Christian Health Association of Malawi
DA District Assembly
DC District Commissioner
DCDO District Community Development Officer
DCT District Coordinating Team
DDC District Development Committee
DDP Director of Development and Planning
DEC District Executive Committee
DSIP District Strategic Investment Plan
DWO District Water Officer
EA Enumeration Area
EMIS Education Management Information System
FBO Faith Based Organization
GoM Government of Malawi
GVT Government
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HSA Health Surveillance Assistant
IMR Infant Mortality Rates
MDHS Malawi Demographic Health Survey
MoE Ministry of Education
MoEST Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
MoH Ministry of Health
MoIWD Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development
MoNREA Ministry of National Resources and Environmental health Affairs
MoWCD Ministry of Woman and Child Development
NGO Non Governmental Organisation
PEA Primary Education Adviser
PHAST Participatory Hygiene & Sanitation Transformation
PS Private Sector
PTA Parents’ and Teachers’ Association
RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
SC Sanitation Committee
SSHP School Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion
TA Traditional Authority
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
VDC Village Development Committee
VHWC Village Health and Water Committee
VLOM Village-level Operation and Maintenance
VIP Ventilated Improved Pit latrines
WES Water and Environmental Sanitation
WMA Water Monitoring Assistants
WPC Water Point Committee
WPM Water Point Mapping
WVM World Vision Malawi


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The water and sanitation situation in Chikwawa District is poor, only 55% of the rural population has access to safe drinking water and there is a lack of sanitation facilities. Out of an estimated 103,591 households in Chikwawa only 40,840 have pit latrines, reflecting district coverage of 44.7%. The coverage of satisfactory latrine is as low as 15.5% and barely 2% have hand-washing facilities beside the latrine. This means that it is only 15.5% of the households that have latrines that meet recommended standards of a latrine.

The Millennium Development Goals of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH MDGs) for the district are to provide at least 80% of the rural population with access to safe water and an improved latrine by 2015. This District Strategic Investment Plan (DSIP) for WASH is a tool for Chikwawa district to achieve this goal.

In order to address the poor sanitation situation in the district, the District Assembly (DA) wishes to work on three different components; water supply, sanitation and capacity building. The goal is to reach 80% of the rural population 351,117 with access to safe water and improved latrines. This will be done by providing facilities, education and increased capacity to run the activities in the district. The improvements will contribute towards a reduction in child mortality, an increase in school enrolment and attendance and an improvement in the well-being of women.

The DSIP for WASH in Chikwawa has been developed based on the principles Malawi’s National Water Policy, the Sanitation Policy and the Decentralization program. The United Nations’ blue print i.e. MDGs have also been central in the development of this document. The DSIP has been designed in such a way that it is demand responsive and participatory in nature. Important institutional structures such as schools and health centres will be used as entry points, besides embarking on a sanitation marketing approach, promotion of improved hygiene and monitoring progress against results. The main implementing agencies will be the local government (District Assembly), supported professionally by the national government, UNICEF Malawi, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and private sector organisations. The district will continue to work with an inter-sectoral approach through the District Co-coordinating Team (DCT), Area Development Committees (ADCs), Area Executive Committees (AECs) and Village Development Committees (VDCs) under the leadership of the District Assembly (DA).

The District Rural WASH Plan is part of a movement towards a sector-wide approach to water in Malawi, together with similar programmes being supported by other multilateral and bilateral development partners, notably the National Water Development Programme Phase II.

The total budget for this programme is USD 15,544,794.06. There will be both direct and indirect social and economic benefits from the programme. The significant gains in people’s health, dignity and quality of life from this venture are enormous and this will contribute directly or indirectly to the district’s efforts to achieve all the MDGs.







CHAPTER ONE
1.0 BACKGROUND
1.1 District Social and Economic Profile
1.1.1 Location
Chikwawa District is one of the 28 districts in Malawi and is located in the Lower Shire zone in the Southern Region of Malawi. It is shares boundary with four districts, namely Mwanza to the North, Blantyre to the North East, Thyolo to the East and Nsanje to the South. Chikwawa also shares an international border with Mozambique to the West (see Map 1).The district headquarters is approximately 54 km away from Blantyre, the Commercial City of Malawi.

1.1.2 Area Coverage
The total area of the district is 4755 sq. km, accounting for 15 % and 5.04% of the total area for the Southern Region and the country respectively. In terms of agriculture, the total land area under use is 471, 957 hectares of which 20, 118 hectares is dry arable land and 29,962 hectares is wet arable land.

1.1.3 Physical Description
The total area of the district is 4755 sq. km, which is about 15 % and 5.04% of the area of Southern Region and national respectively. In terms of agriculture, the total land area is 471, 957 hectares of which 20, 118 hectares is dry arable land and 29,962 hectares is wet arable land. Estates occupy 19,000 hectares while public land covers 211,788 hectares.

Thyolo-Chikwawa Escarpment lies in the eastern side of the district and forms the major source of most rivers including important rivers like Maperera, Mwamphanzi, Nkudzi, Livunzu, Nkhate, Limphangwi, Likhubula and Chidzimbi. The gravity fed schemes in the Eastbank has its sources from this escarpment.

In addition, there are also other notable rivers in the district that includes Mwanza from Chapananga Catchment area, Phwadzi, Mkombedzi and Nyamikalango, Chidyamanga, Nyakamba and Lalanje originating from western side of Chikwawa and Shire River is the major outlet .
The above rivers except Shire River are cause floods due to poor natural resources management that has been done along the rivers i.e. deforestation. Most of the rivers have its marginal land being bear.

Chikwawa district experiences tropical climate which falls into wet and dry seasons. The district experiences generally unreliable and variable rainfall ranging from about 170mm to 967.6 mm minimum and maximum rainfall respectively probably because the district lays in the Shire Highland leeward sides.
The district lies along the lower flat basin of Shire River, which is along the Great African Rift Valley. This means Chikwawa has type of soils that are associated with the Great African Rift Valley. However, soils vary with areas within the district. The soils are deep, medium to fine textured, brown to very dark-grey in colour. The soils have a drainage, which varies from good to very poor. Soils in the uplands and hills are predominantly moderately deep, medium textured, well-drained and yellowish brown. Alkaline and slightly saline soils occur, at the edge of swamps, otherwise soils have a slightly acidic to neutral reaction. The neutral status of most cultivatable soils is low widespread deficiencies of phosphorous and nitrogen. According to the FAO classification (FAO, 1988), most of the upland soils are cambrisols or luvisols under undisturbed woodlands and grasslands phaeozems may also be found. The soils in the lowlands are more variable and classified predominantly as luvisols, fluvisols, vertisols and gleysols (ambisols).

Temperatures are generally high with a maximum of about 37.6 °C usually experienced in November and a minimum of 27.6 °C in July every year whilst the mean monthly temperatures usually above 20 °C.

The district has two protected natural reserves. These are Lengwe National Park and Majete Wildlife Reserve. The Thyolo-Chikwawa Escarpment is one a number of natural reserves are in the district that is catchment areas for most of the District Rivers. However, these natural reserves are threatened with deforestation.

1.1.4 Demography
The recent (2008) national Population and Housing Census (PHC) has put the estimated total population of Chikwawa at 438,895 of which 220,914 or 50.3% is female and 217,981 or 49.7% is male. Annual Population growth rate is estimated at 2.1% with a district average family size of 4.5. The national population growth is 2.8% while the national average family size is 4.4. The national population density is 139 while the district population density is 92. This translates that the population density at the district level is far much better than at national level.

The district Life expectancy is 42 for males and 48 for females against the national figure pegged at 39 for males and 42 for females. The Under 5 morbidity is very high at the rate of 49%, while maternal morbidity rate is 3.6%. This compares unfavouarably against the national rate at 12.2% and 0.81% respectively. The leading causes of morbidity are Malaria, Eye infections, Acute Respiratory Infections, Skin conditions, and Diarrhoea.

Mortality rates in the district vary from age to age, infant mortality rate in Chikwawa is 157/1,000, and Under 5 mortality rate is 205/1,000, while maternal mortality rate is 1200/100. The national literacy level is 80% for male and 60% for male against district literacy level at 54.9% for males and 32.1% for females (NSO: 1998).

1.1.5 Economic Status
Of the population group aged 10 years or older 74.1% are economically active. The majority of them (63.1%) are subsistence farmers (alimi) and a further 10.7% are engaged in wage employment of some form or another. According to the baseline survey conducted by the Malawi Social Action Fund (MASAF) in 2004, about 54.5% of the households are poor, earning not more than or equivalent to US $ 0.30 per person per day.

The major forms of employment are formal and informal. The formal employment form is in government departments and established organisations such Illovo Sugar Limited. The informal form is the largest that is provided by the cattle ranches, contractors working at Illovo and those that are self employed through businesses i.e. at Nchalo, Chikwawa Boma and Ngabu. Some people are engaged in fishing in the Shire River and a few have fish ponds. The employment rate is estimated to be at 4.7% excluding those doing causal work.

The district has main service and market centres in Traditional Authority Chapananga, Lundu, Ngabu, Makhwira, Kasisi, Katunga, Ndakwera, and Maseya. It is estimated that about 93 % of business communities operating in the district are small-scale retailers such as groceries, bottle store, maize mills, rest house and restaurants. In total there are 18 and 30 produce markets run by Assembly and ADMARC in the district.

The major agricultural outputs of the district are livestock and crops. There are a number of cattle ranches in the district with most of them in Traditional Authority Ngabu. The major crops grown in the district are maize, cotton, rice, sorghum and millet.

1.1.6 The People
The predominant tribes in Chikwawa are the Mang’anja and Sena. The minority tribes are Ngoni and Nyungwe that are mostly found in the Chapananga North areas. The major languages spoken are Chichewa, Chisena and Chinyanja.

One of predominant cultural practices includes that of using bushes rather than having latrines. The other one is that of leaving livestock unattended which ends up drinking water from those water points that are used by people. As a result, the hygiene of water points is compromised.
1.1.7 Religion
Christianity is the main religion in the district accounting for 82.6% (362,527) of the people are Christians, 1.4% (6,145) is Moslems, while 4.6% (20,189) belong to other forms of religions and 11.5% (50,473) does not belong to any religious grouping.
1.1.8 Social Amenities and Infrastructure
1.1.8.1 Road Network
The road network in Chikwawa is poor because most of the roads have black-cotton soil surface.
People have limited access to various parts in the district especially during the wet season as the roads become slippery, eroded, and many roads have either a washed away bridge or a broken bridge. There are two main types of road surface finishes in the district: Bitumen and Earth roads.
The bitumen road is a continuation of the road from Blantyre to Chikwawa – Bangula. The bitumen road covers 91.8 Km starting from Madziabango in Chikwawa to Sorgin -Chikwawa /Nsanje boundary.

The district roads are categorized into main trunk roads, secondary roads (branching from main roads), district roads (branching from secondary roads/main roads) and feeder roads (branching from or leading to district roads)

1.1.8.2 Education
The district has 166 Primary Schools of which 93 are public full primary schools, 67 are public junior primary schools and 6 are private. The total enrolment is just over 103,378 of which 49% are girls. The total number of teachers in the district is around 804 qualified primary school teachers of which 80.2% are male. The dropout rate is at 15.2%.

There are 29 Secondary schools of which 4 are conventional secondary schools, 16 are Community Day Secondary Schools and 9 are private. The enrolment is estimated to be just over 5,591 students of which 62% are male students. These schools are run by almost 245 teachers (92% male and 8% female) and only 74 are qualified secondary school teacher which is only 30%.

1.1.8.3 Health
The has 27 Health Posts, 11 Under Five Clinics, 3 Dispensaries , 12 Health Centres and 3 Hospitals (Chikwawa District Hospital, Ngabu Rural Hospital and Montfort Hospital).

In terms of staffing, the district has 1 medical doctor, ---nurses, ---clinicians, 2 Environmental Health Officer and ---Health Surveillance Assistants.

The major diseases for the district are Malaria, Malnutrition, Diarrhoea (Cholera), and TB. On the other hand, the major cause of Under Five deaths is Malaria.
1.1.9 Environmental Situation
In the past the district had most of its land covered by forests and grassland. However, as the population has been increasing, many areas have been cleared for agriculture and dwelling structures. This has seen the encroachment of protected areas like Majete Wildlife Reserve only to be rescued by African Parks which has fenced the area. But Lengwe National Park is at a great risk as people have opened gardens in the park.

Deforestation is one of the major threats to the environment as many people are involved in charcoal production and selling. This has seen most of the natural resource reserve areas deforested. This has been extended to the exotic forest reserves. However, people now understand the importance of conserving the environment for their benefits i.e. flood mitigation.
1.1.9 HIV & AIDS Situation
The HIV and AIDS prevalence is high among the 15-49 years age group in the district. The prevalence rate was at 27% in 2004 but now is estimated to be at 14%. These shows there have been a concerted effort toward the fight against the HIV and AIDS. The most infected are the female group in the 15-49 years age group.

The spreading of the HIV in the district is based on cultural practices like kulowa kufa (marrying of the deceased woman by her deceased husband relative) and kutenga nthena (a son-in-law given another wife from the family he has married based on a number of reason one being a good son-law). The other factor is high social interaction at various trading centres like Nchalo where there is Illovo Sugar Company.
1.1.11 Traditional Set-Up
The district has nine Traditional Authorities and two Sub-Traditional Authorities. There is one Paramount. He is Paramount Chief Lundu. He is the Superior Chief for all Chewas in Malawi. His major role is to make sure that all the Chewa Chiefs are discharging their duties in accordance with Chewa traditions.

The Traditional Authority has the largest population is Ngabu. There are 144,801 people in TA Ngabu which is 32.99% of the total population of Chikwawa. Some of the reasons are; its area is larger than others (1033 Km2 out of 4755 Km2 for the entire district). This is also the area that has two of district major trading centres Nchalo and Ngabu. In addition, it is where Illovo is and has more arable land compared to others.
Map 1: Shows the District Map with TAs boundaries




















1.1.12 Political Set-Up
The district has six constituencies namely; Chikwawa South, Chikwawa North, Chikwawa West, Chikwawa East, Chikwawa Central and Chikwawa Nkombezi. In terms of Wards, the district has twenty five wards.

There are six active political parties in Chikwawa District, namely, the United Democratic Front (UDF), the Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), Republican Party (RP), and New Republican Party (NRP).

1.1.13 Institutional Arrangements
Chikwawa District like all other districts in Malawi is implementing the decentralisation process as a way bringing power to the people through their participation in the decision making processes on the development agenda. The following set up is operational in the district to reflect the tenets of decentralisation. These structures are found at both district and community levels.
1.1.13.1 District Assembly
Chikwawa District Assembly is a statutory body established under the Local Government (District Council) Act Cap. 22.02 of the Laws of Malawi. It is headed by a chairperson selected from among the twenty five (25) elected councillors each representing a ward. Membership also includes five (5) appointed Members of the Assembly representing special Interest Groups, eleven (11) chiefs and six (6) Members of Parliament (MPs). The District Commissioner (DC) heads the Assembly Secretariat supported by a team of professionals who are heads of government departments.

1.1.13.2 District Executive Committee/Assembly Secretariat (DEC/AS)
This District Executive Committee (DEC) is composed of all Heads of Departments and NGO partners in the district. It performs its role as the technical advisory body to the DA. Chikwawa District DEC/AS has close to 45 members. The number of women is very small as most of organisations are headed by men..

There are several NGOs in the district, however those that have water and sanitation programmes are summarized in Table 4.
1.1.13.3 Area Development Committee (ADCs)
This is a representative structure for all Village Development Committees (VDCs) under a TA with a membership of 10 to 15 and is chaired by an elected member and the TA acts as Advisor. The ADCs are charged with the mobilization of community resources and the determination of development interventions in the area. There are 11 ADCs in the district.

1.1.13.4 Area Executive Committees (AECs)
Extension workers of government agencies and NGOs operating in a given area of a TA form the Area Executive Committees (AECs). It is the technical arm at the area level responsible for advising the ADCs on all aspects of local development. There are also 11 AECs.

1.1.13.5 Village Development Committees (VDCs)
This is a representative body from a group of villages responsible for identifying needs and facilitating planning and development in local communities. There are 79 VDCs in the entire district. Table 1 below shows the count of VDCs and villages per ADC by TA between 2001 and 2006.

Table 1: Number of Villages and Village Development Committees, by TA
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
ADC/TA NUMBER OF VDCs NO OF VILLAGES PER ADC
Ngabu 31 28 24 24 24 24 248 235 202 202 202 202
Ngowe - 3 3 3 3 3 - 13 13 13 13 13
Masache - - 4 4 4 4 - - 33 33 33 33
Lundu 2 2 2 2 2 2 32 32 32 32 32 32
Chapananga 16 16 12 12 12 12 129 129 106 106 106 106
Ndakwera - - 4 4 4 4 - - 23 23 23 23
Kasisi 5 5 5 5 5 5 33 33 33 33 33 33
Mulilima 2 2 2 2 2 2 13 13 13 13 13 13
Maseya 5 5 5 5 5 5 37 37 37 37 37 37
Katunga 5 5 5 5 5 5 35 35 35 35 35 35
Makhuwira 13 13 13 13 13 13 66 66 66 66 66 66
District 79 79 79 79 79 79 593 593 593 593 593 593
Source: District Assembly (2006)
The number of villages and VDCs has gone down for TA Ngabu and Chapananga because some of their villages have been allocated to TA Ngowe and Sub-Traditional Authorities Masache from TA Ngabu and Ndakwera from TA Chapananga.
1.1.13.6 District Coordinating Team (DCT)
The role of the District Co-ordination Team (DCT) is that of ensuring that planning, budgeting, coordination, implementation, contract management in water and sanitation is done based on set standards at the district and national levels. The DCT comprises representatives of MoIWD, MOH, MoE, MoWCD, MoNREA, and representatives of NGOs operating in the district. The DCT is supposed to be meeting once a month on average.

1.1.13.7 Village Health and Water Committees (VHWCs)
The Village Health and Water Committees (VHWCs) have ten members of which at least 5 should be women. The aim of having 50% of the VHWC made up of women is for women empowerment (gender equity) and because they are the most involve group of people use water and health facilities. Out of these, 3 should be trained as caretakers of the water points. If there is more than one water point in the village, there is a Water Point Committee (WPC) for each water point. If the village has only one water point, then the VHWC and WPC merge into one committee.

Fig 1: Below shows a Graphic Presentation of the Proposed Institutional Set-Up at DA level


CHAPTER 2 CURRENT SECTOR SITUATION
This chapter looks at the current sector situation in Chikwawa district and breaks down the sector into Water and sanitation at community; key institutional level such as schools and health facilities; and public places under the jurisdiction of the DA.
2.1 Water supply at community level
In Chikwawa, provision of safe water is done through boreholes, piped gravity fed water supply scheme (GFS) piped water, shallow wells and protected springs.. These are provided by the Government, statutory organisations, NGOs, private sector organisations. Some water sources are naturally found and are harnessed by communities.
.
There has been low level of investment in the water sector from 1998 to 2004 in the district. According to a survey conducted by Oxfarm in conjunction with World Vision, Eagles Relief and Development, and Concern Universal in 2004, the level of investment was at 1.54 water points /1,000 people which are the lowest in the Southern region of Malawi. Similarly, investment in communal stand taps has equally been low including rehabilitation to an extent that stand pipe to population ratio is now at 1: 770 which is also above the national average of 1: 125. It is currently estimated that the ratio of functional water points to population is 1:443 based on the Water Department estimate of functional water points against current population.

The most affected in terms of water supply are areas under TAs are Lundu, Chapananga, Ngowe, Masache, and Ndakwera. The factors leading to these areas to be most affected are vandalism, saline water conditions, and inadequate maintenance, drying of boreholes due to topography, lack of adherence to drilling agreements by contractors, and lack of community based management of existing water points.

It is estimated that just over 45% of the population in Chikwawa have access to safe water mostly through boreholes and shallow wells. The estimated number of water points is 1649 for the district. However, the estimated number of functional water points is 991 as of 2008 representing 60% functionality. The Table 2 below shows the number of boreholes and their condition broken down by TA over the years 2006, 2007 and 2008.

Table 2: The Number of Boreholes and Condition per Traditional Authority
Period 2006 2007 2008






TA Borehole working Borehole not working Total Number Population Served Borehole/population ratio Borehole working Borehole not working Total Number Population Served Borehole/population ratio Boreholes working Boreholes not working Total boreholes Population Served Borehole/population ratio



Ngabu 355 377 732 136261 186 600 117 717 140300 234 382 362 744 146444 194
Lundu 17 21 38 50663 2980 17 21 38 52164 3068 19 19 38 55106 2827
Chapananga 71 254 325 77456 1091 275 50 325 79752 73 286 46 332 82508 287
Maseya 12 30 42 22901 1908 27 15 42 23580 873 38 5 43 25076 639
Katunga 14 36 50 19579 1399 36 14 50 20160 272 74 70 144 21555 280
Makhuwira 27 173 200 70340 2605 165 35 200 72425 439 126 116 242 75565 591
Kasisi 45 20 65 30225 671 21 78 99 40292 1481 66 40 106 32641 485
Ngowe - - - - - - - - - - - -
Masache - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ndakwera - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mlilima - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
TOTAL 541
911
1452
407425
281 1141
330
1471
428673
291 991
658
1649
438895
266
Source: 2006-09 Chikwawa SEP
In the Table 2 above, data for Ngowe, Masache are included in Ngabu. On the other hand data for Ndakwera is in Chapananga and Mlilima’s data is in Kasisi. This is the case because when the data was being collected those Traditional Authority areas were taken to fall under Ngabu, Chapananga and Kasisi respectively. This was like that because the government had not elevated Group Village Headman Masache to Sub-Traditional Authority. At that time also the Chieftaincy of Ngowe and Mlilima had been stopped long time ago based on government administrative reasons.
It simply means that the low functionality of existing boreholes and the population of people served by a water point has been a problem in Chikwawa for a long period.

The district has East Bank GFS which has a number of intakes and Chapananga. The East Bank was meant to serve almost the entire Traditional Authority Makhwira and part of TAs Maseya, Katunga and Mlilima. Chapananga GFS is located in TA Chapananga and was meant to serve large part of area. Currently, the East Bank has only 47% of water points under GFS operational and their functionality is not consistent either. The government has secured funds for the rehabilitation of East Bank Water Project through National Water Development Programme (NWDP). However, Chapananga Water Project is totally dilapidated and needs heavy investment for it to start functioning. The greatest challenges for Chapananga Scheme are annual flooding of Mwanza River and vandalism. Table 3 below shows statistics of water points under the gravity fed schemes.

Table 3: East Bank and Chapananga Water Project
Project Name Total taps Remarks
East Bank 261 167 taps are not working leaving only 94 working. Although these are working their efficiency is so low such as people only refer to boreholes as their source of water
Mapelera 80
Limphangwi 34
Livunzu 54
Mbazi 93
Chapananga 300 The whole scheme is dilapidated and no single tap is running because the intake was once washed away by Mwanza river
TOTAL 561

Source: Chikwawa District Water Development Office 2008

The traditional authority coverage of water points has been minimal from 2006 to 2008 as the table below shows. This translates to the need of more resources to achieve the 2015 target of 80%. On average, the district and its partners need to bridge the gap of 66.77% if all the TA are to have 80% access to safe water.

Table 4: Water Points Coverage/Status per Traditional Authority against 2015 Targets
Catchment Area Baseline
2006 Achievement Coverage Target Partners
No. % No. %
Ngabu 355 65 382 65.2 80% MASAF, UNICEF, WVM, Water for People, DFiD, EU, ELDS, Islamic Relief,
Lundu 17 7.7 19 8.6 80%
Chapananga 71 22.9 286 83.6 80%
Maseya 12 13.2 38 38.0 80%
Katunga 14 17.9 74 86.0 80%
Makhwira 27 9.6 126 41.7 80%
Kasisi 45 37.5 66 50.8 80%

The number indicated for each TA is of the functional water points at the moment. It means many water point are not functional due to different reasons. The percentage is based on desired water point in an area. Their required water point is calculated by dividing the estimated population by 250 people that are supposed to be served by one borehole. If the percentage was to be based on the total water points, functional and no-functional, Ngabu, Chapananga, Kasisi and Katunga could have exceeded 100%.
2.2 Sanitation and Hygiene at Community level
The 2008 national PHC estimated that Chikwawa had 98,035 households. The district Health Management Information System (HMIS) reveals that only 44.7% of the households have and use pit latrines for faecal disposal. There is currently a project where about 3,643-pit latrines have been installed with san-plats. This initiative is located in some villages under TA Ngabu, Ngowe, Lundu, and Chapananga where Concern Universal was implementing its water and sanitation project. However, only 1% of the pit latrines have hand wash facilities fixed close to their doors. In terms of the water closets (WCs) there are only 1.7% of the households with such facilities and these are mostly confined to the growing urban areas of Chikwawa Boma, Dyeratu, Nchalo, and Ngabu and in institutional houses around schools and health facilities.

The district has 44.7% its households using the appropriate and recommended means of human waste disposal the rest (55.3%) use alternatives such as bush, streams or neighbours pit latrines hence continuous prevalence of sanitation related disease such as diarrhoea and worm infestations. However, out of the 44.7% only 15.5% use satisfactory latrines. Recently, Water for People has been implementing a sanitation programme in TAs Kasisi, Makhwira and Maseya, where latrines in some households have been installed with san-plats and many more are yet to be installed.

In Chikwawa, about 12% of households in rural areas dispose their refuse in refuse pits, while the rest (88%) use the most common means of refuse disposal like ground crude dumping followed by open ground burning. Incineration of refuse is done in factories and health facilities, which have incinerators. However waste water management is a problem because the district has no appropriate places for disposing waste water pumped/emptied from septic tanks, hence disposed on open ground while untreated. This posing threats for disease and general nuisance. About 13% of boreholes have their wastewaters well managed in terms of soak ways, French drains or used for watering crops like vegetables. The 87% of boreholes have their waste waters unmanaged and form pools that can easily contaminate the underground waters or form a breeding environment for mosquito breeding. At Illovo Sugar Company, waste water from the plant is being profitably utilized for irrigation farming at Mwanakakula Irrigation Scheme.

Water and sanitation problems are very high in TA Mlilima, Ngowe, and Ndakwera whilst Makhwira, Kasisi, and Maseya are better off. This is due to low coverage in terms of household that have satisfactory latrines and less existing water points are functional. This is on top of the areas having few water points after all. This might be because poor allocation of water points then as they were being taken to fall under TA Kasisi, Ngabu and Chapananga respectively.
The table below shows that there is low availability of recommended sanitary facilities at household level. It is clear that there is a wide gap between total household per catchment area and those that have recommended sanitary facilities as it shows that almost less than 50% has no sanitary facilities.
Table 5: The Population with Sanitatory Facilities
HEALTH CENTRE CATCHMENT AREA No. of Active VHCs HH with Traditional Facilities HH with Improved Facilities HH with Casted SP/DS/SS HH with Covered Latrines HH with Bath Shelters HH with Functioning RDS
Gola 11 461 79 - 35 692
Gaga 10 1434 15 15 122 1862
Chithumba 36 996 - - 324 1575
Chang’ambika 15 638 - 73 102 614
Maperera 16 304 230 230 36 326
Mfera 58 2756 307 179 121 2677
Makhwira 36 4954 4954 80 347 4927
Kasinthula 6 1215 2 2 96 1322
Kapichira 7 341 284 281 178 408
Bereu 13 987 47 270 137 1058
DHO 30 2210 1808 133 659 2722
Illovo 3211 - - - -
Montfort 21 2869 1459 451 288 4083
Ndakwera 5 1704 860 164 218 2177
Chipwaila 26 3882 803 803 362 4063
Mkumaniza 0 627 340 340 83 1123
Dolo 64 2776 1520 364 126 4456
Ngabu Rural 4051 527 527 412 6475
Chapananga 48 2327 - - 376 1859
Kakoma 56 2296 2296 498 56 2022
Misomali 14 378 105 105 203 539
Mafale 10 425 425 147 177 812
Source: Chikwawa District Health Office 2008

There are a number of factors that leads to the status as in the table above. These are;
• Cultural/traditional practices; most people are used to use bushes or have one latrine not a recommended on for many households
• Low awareness-the district have not had a enough HSAs that could be assigned to every village in the district
• Low levels of income- most of the household have limited sources of income as such to buy cement to cast slabs is a challenge.

The utilization water facilities and handling of drawn water is very poor in the district. In addition, water sources in the district are not protected as most of them have no fences and properly constructed soak ways. Moreover, availability of hand washing facilities is very low both at available traditional and improved latrines.
Table 6: Number of Household Utilizing Water Facilities and Properly Storage of Water
Health Centre Catchment Area HH with HWF besides Latrines HH with wet HWF HH with Containers Indoors HH with Containers Covered No. of Protected Water Sources No.of Bore Holes Number of BH Functioning
Gola - - 1354 167 14 14 12
Gaga - - 3249 972 10 10 8
Chithumba - - 2775 1047 22 7 0
Chang’ambika - - 1451 1121 9 6 0
Maperera 55 55 2380 862 57 27 20
Mfera 6 6 5933 2343 65 58 51
Makhwira 10 10 11367 5923 112 105 90
Kasinthula 80 80 2564 245 47 44 30
Kapichira 233 233 951 542 12 12 9
Bereu 85 85 3309 862 51 51 42
DHO 121 121 2578 147 125 65 58
Illovo 3434 3434 3434 - - -
Montfort 68 68 11145 4758 71 42 34
Ndakwera - - 4732 1023 62 60 52
Chipwaila 436 431 7801 2321 74 74 52
Mkumaniza - - 2185 199 47 47 27
Dolo - - 7669 3325 106 106 91
Ngabu Rural - - 11929 4369 147 142 121
Chapananga 1 1 3878 1024 45 45 33
Kakoma 216 216 4280 368 79 65 51
Misomali 402 402 1356 421 22 12 9
Mafale - - 1933 - 41 40 30
Source: Chikwawa District Health Office 2008

Table 7: Number of Boreholes with Sanitary Surrounding and PSW Functionality
HEALTH CENTRE CATCHMENT AREA No.of BH with Sanitary Surr. No. of PSW No.of PSW Functioning No.of PSW with Sanitary Surr. No.of Protected Springs No.of Pritected S. Functioning No.of PS with sanitary surr. No.of People with Accss to SW
Gola 12 - - - - - -
Gaga 10 - - - - - -
Chithumba 7 - - - - - -
Chang’ambika 5 - - - - - -
Maperera 9 - - - - - -
Mfera 48 - - 2 2 - -
Makhwira 105 - - 1 1 - -
Kasinthula 44 - - - - - -
Kapichira 12 - - 1 1 - -
Bereu 48 - - - - - -
DHO 60 - - - - - -
Illovo - - - - - -
Montfort 26 - - - - - -
Ndakwera 19 - - - - - -
Chipwaila 45 - - - - - -
Mkumaniza 21 - - - - - -
Dolo 84 - - 1 1 - -
Ngabu Rural 82 - - - - - -
Chapananga 15 - - - - - -
Kakoma 51 - - 3 3 - -
Misomali 7 - - - - - -
Mafale 25 - - - - - -
Source: Chikwawa District Health Office 2008
Most of the data in table above is missing which is an indication that there is a wide gap in data collection in Chikwawa which leads to poor sanitatory indicators. Therefore, there is a need to address this shortfall. However, with the trend of availability and utilization of sanitary facilities, there is a high likelihood that the missing data means unavailability of those sanitary facilities.
As indicated in the table below, structures are there; however, their operation is minimal as a result of lack of trainings on how they should operate. In addition, cultural beliefs and traditions are also contributing to low adoption of the use of latrines.




Table 8: Indicate the Ratio of HSAs versus District Population and Number of Village health Committees.
HEALTH CENTRE CATCHMENT AREA Total Population No. of HSAs Avg No.of people per HAS Total House Holds No. of Villages Desired No. of VHCs No. of VHCs formed
Gola 5809 5 1161.8 1384 11 11 11
Gaga 14728 14 1052 3249 58 58 17
Chithumba 7133 8 891.6 2775 36 36 36
Chang’ambika 7353 6 1225.5 1451 21 21 21
Maperera 11373 9 1263.6 2380 16 16 16
Mfera 25120 22 1141.8 5933 69 69 63
Makhwira 52536 33 1592 11367 60 60 60
Kasinthula 10720 10 1072 2564 24 24 21
Kapichira 4490 8 561 951 7 7 7
Bereu 17226 12 1435.5 3309 23 23 21
DHO 25757 38 677.8 7578 38 38 38
Illovo 24270 3434
Montfort 51614 30 1720.4 11453 53 53 53
Ndakwera 25209 19 1326.7 4732 66 66 58
Chipwaila 34670 15 2311.3 7801 78 78 76
Mkumaniza 10746 10 1074.6 2185 34 34 34
Dolo 38626 25 1545 7669 111 111 107
Ngabu Rural 56500 50 1130 11929 116 116 116
Chapananga 18088 17 1064 3878 59 59 59
Kakoma 24869 18 1381 4280 56 56 56
Misomali 7690 7 1098.5 1356 14 14 14
Mafale 9513 8 1189.1 1933 17 17 17
Source: Chikwawa District Health Office 2008

According to the available data in the table above, reaching out to the people with comprehensive message to adopt best sanitary practices is a great challenge due to untrained VHC and the mindset of communities on issues of sanitation whereby open defecation is very high.
2.3 Water supply and sanitation at institutional level
2.3.1 Educational Institution/Schools
There are 160 primary schools spread throughout the district. Ninety-one (91) are full primary schools while Sixty-nine (69) are junior primary schools. Out of the 160 primary schools, 123 representing 76.9% have access to safe water sources while the other 37 do not have access to safe water. Table 8 outlines the availability of improved water sources in schools by TA while Table 9 shows the more detailed presentation of safe water accessibility percentage form in primary schools between 2000 and 2006.

Table 9: Availability of Improved Water Sources in Schools
TA Number of Schools Schools with water sources Schools with water source with support from UNICEF
(other education partners) Schools with water sources under construction Schools with water source
(%) To be achieved after completion of current projects
(%) Number of Schools requiring Improved Water Source
Chapananga
31 15 - - 50% - 16
Kasisi 11 7 - - 64% -- 5
Makhwira 22 14 - - 64% - 8
Katunga
10 10 - - 100% - 0
Maseya 11 10 - - 91% - 2
Lundu 11 9 - - 81% - 6
Ndakwera 5 5 - - 100% -- 0
Ngabu 44 37 - - 84% - 9
Ngowe 3 3 - - 100% - 0
Masache 11 10 - - 91% - 1
Mlilima 3 3 - - 100% - 0

Source: Chikwawa District Education Office 2008

The above table shows that availability of safe water in schools is on the better side in percentage terms. However, in terms of security of water facilities in schools there are still existing gaps since water points are not protected by brick faces. There is also high level of water contamination because spillover water is not well managed due to absence of constructed soak ways.
There have been some initiatives to improve the situation with ten new boreholes drilled in primary school in 2008. In addition, some schools have had improved latrines constructed by education development partners. However, the gap is still high especially with high enrolment in schools.
Table 10: Status of Water and Sanitation in Primary School in Chikwawa
Year % Unsafe Schools % Safe Water Boys : Toilet Ratio Girls : Toilet Ratio
2000 43 57 91:1 73:1
2001 43 57 87:1 72:1
2002 39 61 86:1 72:1
2003 35 65 94:1 80:1
2004 37 63 97:1 85:1
2005 38 62 108:1 96:1
2006 40 60 87:1 82:1
Source: Assembly Management Information System 2006

Table 10 shows that in terms of sanitation regardless of technology, the ratios are very grim compared to the recommended standard of 25:1 for boys and 15:1 for girls. This implies that the existing sanitation facilities in primary schools are currently under heavy pressure.
Table 11: Status of Sanitation in Secondary School in Chikwawa
Year Total Students Total Toilet Pupil: Toilet
2004 3381 86 39:1
2005 3573 107 33:1
2006 3952 156 25:1
Source: Chikwawa District Education Office 2006
There are 20 secondary schools in the district of which 16 are Community day secondary schools, 1 day secondary school and 2 boarding secondary schools. Most of these schools have no reliable sources of water and this compromises hygiene at the institutions. Most of them do not have running water as they rely on boreholes.

In secondary schools there was a student to toilet ratio 25:1 as of 2006 and is within the recommended national for boy pupils while for girls it is still higher than the recommended national girl to toilet ratio of 15: 1.

In terms of water accessibility, the two boarding schools have piped water but in poor state as a result of lack of maintenance. On the other hand one day secondary and community day secondary schools have boreholes which are not adequate compared to the enrolment. However, as the table 13 and 14 show, water and sanitation problem is higher in primary than in secondary schools.

2.3.2 Health facilities
There are 22 health facilities in Chikwawa District and most of them are public owned through the ministry of health. The district assessment has shown that 11 health facilities have no access to safe water. However, the state in which most of the water facilities are shows there is need for rehabilitation and construction of new ones. The table 15 below shows the list of the facilities, their ownership status and condition among others.
Table 12: Health Centres in Chikwawa with safe water supply
Health Centre Owner-ship Location Water Source Condition /Status of Water Source
1.Makhwira MOH Makhwira Piped , Borehole Working (supplying the maternity only)
2.Maperera MOH Makhwira Piped , Borehole Working
3.Kakoma MOH Chapananga Borehole Dry/ Not Working
4.Chapananga MOH Chapananga Solar powered borehole Dry/ Not Working
5.Chang’ambika MOH Chapananga Borehole Dry/ Not Working
6.Gaga MOH/ DA Chapananga Borehole Working
7.Ndakwela MOH Chapananga Solar powered borehole Dry/ Not Working
8.Misomali CHAM Chapananga Borehole Dry / Not Working
9.Dolo MOH Ngabu Solar powered borehole Not Working
10.Mkumaniza MOH Ngabu Solar powered borehole Not Working
11.Chipwaila MOH Ngabu Borehole Working
12.Gola MoH Chapananga Borehole Not Working
13. Ngabu Rural MOH Ngabu Piped, borehole Working
14. Chithumba MOH Chapananga Borehole Dry / Not working
15. Mfera MoH Makhwira Piped Working
16. Kasinthula
Dispensary MoH Katunga Piped Working
17. Kapichira Clinic ESCOM (Private) Kasisi Piped Working
18.Bereu Dispensary MoH Maseya Solar powered Borehole Dry / Not Working
19. Illovo Clinics Illovo (Private) Lundu / Ngabu Piped Working
20. Montfort Hospital CHAM Ngabu Piped Working
21.Mafale Dispensary MoH Lundu Borehole Working
22. Chikwawa DHO MoH Kasisi Piped Working

From the table it is clear that almost all have water sources in place. However, around 50% of the health facilities have non functional water sources. This coupled with the fact access to water at community level is still low leaves the populations surrounding such health centres even more vulnerable to disease

Table 16 below shows the status of availability of sanitation facilities at each of the health facilities. The, symbol √ represents availability while x represents unavailability.
Table 13: Sanitation in Health facilities
Health facility Availability of improved toilet facilities Availability Hand washing facilities Availability of adequate solid waste disposal facilities
1.Makhwira √ √ √
2.Maperera √ √ √
3.Kakoma √ √ √
4.Chapananga √ √ √
5.Chang’ambika √ √ √
6.Gaga √ √ √
7.Ndakwela √ √ √
8.Misomali √ √ √
9.Dolo √ √ √
10.Mkumaniza √ √ √
11.Chipwaila √ √ √
12.Gola √ √ √
13. Ngabu Rural √ √ √
14. Chithumba √ √ √
15. Mfera √ √ √
16. Kasinthula Dispensary √ √ √
17. Kapichira Clinic √ √ √
18. Bereu Dispensary √ √ √
19. Illovo Clinics √ √ √
20. Montfort Hospital √ √ √
21. Mafale Dispensary √ √ ×
22. Chikwawa DHO √ √ √
Source: Chikwawa District Health Office 2008


2.4 Water supply and sanitation in public places
Chikwawa District Assembly has six major produce markets. These are Chapananga, Boma, Dyeratu, Mitondo, Nchalo, and Makande. In these markets, there are stand pipes of which not all are working and have good sanitatory structures. There are also butcheries in some of the markets which do not have water supply and the structures have no pits where to dump the wastes. This increases the poor sanitation of the markets,

The Assembly has one water kiosk at Nchalo. However it has not been well run as a result as some areas of running water kiosks was overlooked. It was offered to a private operator but nothing has changed.

In Chikwawa there are no bus terminals as in the towns and cities, there are only bus stops/stages. The major ones are at the Boma, Dyeratu and Nchalo. The need at these places the water and sanitary facilities of nearby markets serve the people who wait for buses. Therefore, as already stated these markets have poor water and sanitary facilities, which translate those bus stops/stages, have poor water and sanitary facilities.

The major problem for proper maintenance of these facilities has been abuse in there usage. This lead to Assembly failure to pay water bills for a number of markets that led to disconnections.

2.5 Stakeholder Analysis
2.5.1. Primary stakeholders
The district has many stakeholders in water and sanitation. The primary stakeholders are Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development, Ministry of Health and Southern Region Water Board. These are district departments that have water and sanitation as one of their core areas of service. The water department is oversees/lead in the construction of water points and maintenance. The environmental health department has the core function of teaching people the standard hygiene principles i.e. construction of latrines and practicing of personal hygiene.

2.5.2. Secondary stakeholders
The secondary government stakeholders are department of Forestry, Education, Community Development, Environment, Police, Information and Court among others. Education, information, Community Development, and Environment assist in community mobilization sensitizations. The Forestry department assists in the conservation of catchment areas. The Police and Court ensure that the security of the structures is there by prosecuting those that have been caught vandalizing the facilities.

There are also primary stakeholders on NGOs and Private sector area. Among them there is Water for People, Illovo, UNICEF, WVM, EU, Montfort Hospital, and ELDS. These take water and sanitation as one of their important services. For instants, Illovo has its own water system within its factory. Water for People core service in the district is in water and sanitation at community level. UNICEF, WVM, and EU have water and sanitation as one of their activities in their projects. UNICEF has been providing water points in many schools with an objective of creating a good learning environment. WVM, ELDS and EU have been providing water point in their area of impact as one way of addressing people’s needs comprehensively. There are a good number of NGOs and donor that implement water and sanitation projects as an adhoc activity to a address an emergency that is leaked to water and sanitation.

There is a need to consolidate the efforts of the stakeholders in water and sanitation in order for the communities to benefit more from the available resource the stakeholders bring in the district.
Table 14: Water and Sanitation Stakeholders in Chikwawa
Name Main Activity Sector
Water Department Overseeing and led in the provision of water to the people in the district Water and Sanitation
Environmental Health Department Overseeing and leading in the promotion of sanitation at all levels Health
Forestry Department Overseeing the conservation of the natural resources Forestry
Police Internal Security Security
Court Administering of Justice Judiciary
Illovo Sugar production Private
Montfort Hospital Provision of health services Private
National Parks and Wildlife Conservation of Wildlife Natural Resources
Education Provision of education services Education
Environment Environmental services Environment
Information Dissemination of information Civic Education
UNICEF Provision of services in improving educational right of children International partners
World Vision Malawi (WVM) School sponsorship,
HIV/AIDS, Agriculture,
Health, and
Relief Agriculture ,Education, Health ,Water
Evangelical Lutheran Development Services (ELDS) Small scale irrigation, Home Based care, Agro-forestry, Water and sanitation Agriculture, Health
Water for People Borehole drilling and rehabilitation and Shallow well construction Water, Health and Sanitation
Centre for Alternative for Victimized Women and Children (CAVWOC) Gender and HIV/AIDS, Rehabilitation of boreholes Human Rights, Water, agriculture, Community Development
Continental Development Associates(CODA) Integrated Water management System Water
Islamic Relief Drilling of Boreholes Water
Chikwawa Scotland Initiative Water and Sanitation, Infrastructure Development and Capacity Building Water, Health
Freshwater Project Water Supply and Sanitation Water, Sanitation and Health
Source: Chikwawa SEP 2006-09

2.6 SWOT analysis for Chikwawa WASH sector
The district faces various types of challenges. Therefore, in an effort to analyse positive aspects and areas which need improvement, the DCT came up with a SWOT analysis as follows:
Table 15: SWOT Analysis for Chikwawa

SWOT ANALYSIS


STRENGTHS
1. Availability of technical personnel for water programmes in the district that use PHAST methodologies
2. Some communities are able to contribute to construction of facilities in kind
3. Availability of Trainable communities
4. Strong and supportive leadership of DA secretariat
5. Availability of fresh water sources, perennial streams and the knowledge of conserving water catchment areas on uplands and river line at both community and DA levels.
6. Availability of relevant committees on water and sanitation issues of grass root structures e.g. there are HSAs, Forestry Assistants, Water Monitoring Assistants who are members of VDCs and ADCs
7. Availability of SEP, DDP and VAPs
8. A number of WATSAN partners cover a wide area and community trust
9. Some NGOs are in good position in sourcing adequate funds to implement WATSAN projects
OPPORTUNITIES
1. Fresh water sources from underground and streams
2. Availability of strategic partners in WATSAN
3. Availability of conducive WATSAN related policies e.g. MDGS
4. Availability of private sector that support WATSAN related policies
5. Key national policies on water and sanitation in place.
6. Slump in global oil prices may result in reduction in investment costs
7. Increased budgetary allocation on water sector
WEAKNESS
1. Inactive DCT
2. Inadequate extension workers in some sectors i.e. water
3. Poor data and record keeping
4. Poor coordination among the stakeholders
5. Limited transport for government departments in water and sanitation sectors
6. Little ownership by the members of the community
7. Inadequate sales points for spare parts
8. No water mapping equipment
9. Inadequate information & communication technology (ICT) facilities e.g. Internet
10. Most water and sanitation projects have short duration THREATS
1. High levels of vandalism in WATSAN facilities
2. Deforestation
3. Floods and dry boreholes in some sand areas.
4. Competition among some stakeholders in WATSAN programmes
5. Salty underground water and Poor soil structure/texture and floods in the area which contribute to poor sanitation
6. Poor training of community to maintain the project products
7. Lack of follow up funds limit projects sustainability.
8. Withdrawal of water point committee members after trainings due to in availability of monetary incentives
9. Poor leadership skills among traditional leaders in some areas discourage water point committees in their work
10. Poor formation of water point committees in some areas leads to poor project sustainability
11. Cultural beliefs that make it difficult to construct the toilets
12. Failure of most of communities to
contribute towards maintenances threatens the sustainability water points


2.6.1 Implications of the SWOT on the implementation of the DSIP
The district has the human resource that if provided with resources like financial and expertise there would be improved provision of water and sanitation services. In addition, the existence of community structures would enhance the ownership of the water facilities and adoption of improved sanitatory facilities. Furthermore, there are more partners in water and sanitation in the district that if collaborate in their provision of water and sanitation services would see the district equitably serve the whole population of the district.

However, there is a need for the district to come up with other programmes that would empower people economically so that the threats like vandalism ad deforestation are addressed. In addition, the communities have also to be sensitised not to look at monetary benefit when government and its partners are empowering them with skill to ensure that the water and sanitation facilities serve them for a long period. Moreover, partners have not to see each other as competitors as this would defeat the purpose of serving the community as it creates divisions within the communities which leads to the lose of resources through other areas which are not necessary aimed at showing partner’s superiority.

Moreover, the government and partners have to make sure that the programmes/projects implemented in the district are well designed by having a sustainability plan. For instance, provision of the services should make sure that the communities are empowered to stand on their own for sustainable access to the services.

CHAPTER 3 KEY OBSTACLES TO PEOPLE’S ACCESS TO SAFE WATER, ADEQUATE SANITATION & HYGIENE
4.1. Community level
The district has a number of obstacles at the community level that would negatively affect the implementation of the plan. The key obstacle is the low income and food insecurity levels of the communities. This might be the reason communities ask to be given money when they are in the water point committee. Or they misappropriate the funds that the communities contribute towards the preventive maintenance. This also applies to the construction of improved latrines that requires the communities to buy cement and some materials that the communities cannot do.

The second obstacle is the cultural traditions like the use of bushes as it is shown in the plan that the district has high levels of open defecation. In other cases, many households use a single traditional latrine and do not practice personal hygiene.

The third obstacle is the top topography of the district as there are many areas where household facilities are largely affected due to floods. For instance, due to flooding latrines and water points get damaged.

4.2. District level
The key obstacle of the DSIP inadequate number of personnel in the government sectors that leads in the provision of water and sanitation services. For instance, the water department has only six members of staff with only one senior officer. In the environmental health, the numbers of HSAs are still low compared to the number of villages and population of the district.

The other key obstacle is the unavailability of office equipments that are important in the updating of data at the district (i.e. database) which is very important for the planning purposes. This is coupled with the inadequate equipment for extension workers (i.e. HSAs and Water Monitoring Assistants) are making the service provision very poor.

Another paramount obstacle is low funding to the primary stakeholders. The Water Department gets not more than MK 70,000.00 (Seventy thousand kwacha) per month as Operation Recurrent Funds for office operation. This translates that the department is not financially empowered to carryout it functions. On the Environmental Health Department being part of health sector, most of the time funding is prioritized for other areas rather than environmental health.

The existence of weak local structures is also contributes to the effective implementation of the water and sanitation projects. For instance, weak ADC and VDCs is having a negative impact. This coupled with absence of counselors, allocation of available projects in water and sanitation is affected as some areas would be preferred based on poor allocation. There is also a problem at DEC level as it tends not to scrutinize the programmes/projects to be implemented in the district which leads to uncoordinated effort in the provision of water and sanitation.

In addition, there have been many occurrences of saline boreholes. There are certain areas as a result of their geological make up it is hard to have a non-saline borehole. As such there is a need to more resources to be directed to gravity fed schemes. For instance, the East Bank Gravity Fed Water Scheme could provide water to the whole of TA Makhwira, and part of Mlilima, Katunga, and Maseya.
























CHAPTER 4 STRATEGIES
4.0 The broader context
The overarching guide for the strategies outlined here is MDG 7 which aims to ensure environmental sustainability. The specific target of concern here under this MDG is target 10 which reads: “to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation”. Further to this, Malawi’s Water Policy has the specific goal of achieving sustainable and integrated water resources management and development that make water equitably accessible to and used by all Malawians in pursuit of their human development and socio-economic advancements. Some of the policy’s guiding principles are outlined as follows:

• All people shall have access to potable water and sanitation services to reduce the incidence of water related diseases;
• Water resources management shall be based on the concept of decentralization and local participation so that the unit of water resources management shall be the catchment;
• Water development programmes shall be based on demand driven approach and beneficiary participation;

It is against this background framework that the strategies for the DSIP for Chikwawa are rooted.

This comprehensive planning exercise has been undertaken by the DCT through a series of workshops and other consultations with key players. These include representatives from the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development, Ministry of Women and Child Development, and NGOs. This coupled with the analysis of data available has resulted in the setting of targets on various parameters..

4.1 Community level targets for water sanitation

The rural population of Chikwawa is projected to be 484,307 in 2015 as compared to the current population of 473,825. Currently only 45% have access to safe water and to reach the target of MDG 7 the 55% without access will have to be reduced by half i.e. by 27.5 percentage points. This leads to a targeted minimum of 72.5% but Chikwawa district has decided to set a higher target of 80%. This means that 387,446 people will have access to safe water by 2015 and as such the District needs to reach new users of safe water while ensuring continued access of those already using safe water every year for the next seven years. Table 21 below shows the targets for safe water access by 2015 as compared to the current situation.

Table 16: Population with access to safe water in Chikwawa District
Year Total population % with access to safe water Total population with access
2008 438,895 45% 197,503
2015 473,825 80% 379,060
Total increase in served population over next 7 years: 181,557
Average annual increase in served population over next 7 years: 25,936

It is estimated that only 44.7% (43,822 households) of 98,035 district households have pit latrines. On the other hand only 15.5% of the households (15,195 households) have satisfactory latrines leaving 84.5% of households (82,840 households) without access to proper sanitation facilities. The projected total households for the district in 2005 are 105,294 households. In order for the district to reach the MDG target on sanitation, a total of 84,236 households need to have access to improved sanitation facilities and practices. Since only 43,822 households have pit latrines and only 15,195 households have satisfactory latrines the 2015 target would be claimed achieved if 90,099 households will have the access to improved latrines. This translates that 12,871 households per year attain access to improved latrine for the next seven years.

Table 17: Population with access to latrines in Chikwawa
Year Total population Open defecation Traditional latrines Improved latrines
2008 438,895 218,570 (49.8%) 184,336 (42%) 35,989 (8.2%)
2015 473,825 0% 94.765 (20%) 379,069 (80%)
Net change – people -218,570 -89,571 343,080
Average annual change over next 7 years 49.011

As is presented in the table above, the challenge to achieve the MDG target is very high as 49,011 people which translate to an average of 10,891 households start using improved latrines. On the other hand, 218,570 people or 48,571 household are expected to stop using open defecation by 2015. This mean every year 6,939 households are to graduate from open defection which is a great challenge in Chikwawa.

4.2 Community level targets – capacity building
As stated in the obstacles, the communities have to be empower in order for the implementation of the plan is to have a positive impact as expected. The capacity of VHWC has to be well trained in their roles in water and sanitation. On water, the water point committee have to be equipped with skill of management in order to mobilise the communities to contribute towards maintenance. There is also a need to have local area mechanics that will do the preventive maintenance of water points. Finally, there is a need to sensitise the communities to own the water facilities in their areas.

On the other hand, there is a great need to sensitise the community to adopt the improved latrines. This would better be done by using the influential community leaders and local information dissemination structures. There should be trained masons that would be in the areas assisting communities casting the slabs and instruct communities on how to construct the improved latrines.

4.3 Institutional level targets
The capacity level at the institutional level at the district is far from the recommended. In the water department currently it has only Water and Community Sanitation Officer as the most senior personnel. The next in service are only four water monitoring assistants. Therefore, based on the vastness of the district there is a need to increase the WMA i.e. dividing the district into zones.

The department needs a reliable and strong vehicle and motor cycle to improve the provision of its services to the communities as the district has one of the bad road networks. Moreover, it needs to have modern equipment for collection, storage and analysis of water data for decision making purposes. These include computers, GPSs and best software. In order for the equipment to be put to better use the users in the department have to be trained.

In Environmental Health Department, currently have enough senior officers. However, effective provision of its services is hampered due to inadequate number of HSAs. One HSA works with more than three villages on average. In addition, most of them had not gone through formal training for HSAs. Currently, the district has less than 350 HSAs, 2 Environmental Health Officers (EHO) and 3 Assistant EHOs, less than 90 nurses and one medical doctor. Therefore, as HSAs are being increased the issue of training untrained and recruited ones should be seriously considered. The issue of mobility by personnel in this department is also a great challenge.

In addition, there are not/enough equipments for collection, storage and analysis of data which is important towards the achievement of the 2015 target as they would assist in a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the plan.


4.3.1 School water supply and sanitation
The current status of water supply and sanitation poses a greater threat to a good environment for child education. In terms of water supply, only four TAs have their schools with safe water against 11 TAs. However, even those TAs that have 100% access to water, the water may not be safe based on the number of pupil saved by one water point.

On sanitation, the district is far from the recommended ratio. The data shows that pupil who were supposed to be save by three toilets are using one. In addition, the type of the latrines that are in most schools are not those that qualify for satisfactory latrines. For instance, the ratio for boys and girls to a latrine is 70:1 and 75:1 respectively.

In terms of technology for sanitation facilities in schools, there have been initiatives taken by various partners. Table 18 below outlines the investments in terms of numbers and percentages by zone so far and also outlines the targets for improved pit latrines in schools.

Table 18: Improved Pit Latrines in Schools
Catchment Area Baseline
2005 Achievement Coverage Target Partner
No. % No. %




Unicef,

World Vision Malawi,

DFiD,

Malawi Social Action Fund,

Water for People.
Boma Zone 92 15.75 121 21 584
Changoima Zone 14 4.71 19 5 403
Chikonde Zone 48 11.25 63 11 560
Dolo Zone 50 16.13 66 21 310
Kakoma Zone 44 13.21 58 17 333
Kalambo Zone 48 12.34 63 16 389
Konzere Zone 62 12.13 82 16 511
Livunzu Zone 56 9.74 77 13 575
Maperera Zone 52 11.43 68 15 455
Mbewe Zone 97 16.78 128 22 578
Nchalo Zone 119 11.11 156 15 1071
Ngabu Zone 85 14.99 112 20 567
Nsenjere Zone 52 7.83 69 10 664
Total 819
1082
15 6998
Source: Chikwawa District Education Office 2008

Based on the data in the table above, almost all the catchment areas have improved toilet coverage of less than 25%. This translates that there in a great need of investment in improved pit latrine in all schools. For instance, Changoima has the lowest improved pit latrine coverage of 5%.

It is the district desire to provide water facilities but starting with 20% in the first and the remaining percentage to reach the target in the consecutive years of implementation. The water points to be constructed in schools will be part of the new water points to meet the MDGs.

4.3.2 Health facility water supply and sanitation
The water supply and sanitation at health facilities is another concern at the district level. There are four health facilities that have no water at all. The water used at these facilities are collected at a near by water point which was meant for the communities. However, even those that have water supply are not adequately served. For instance, Chikwawa District Hospital has only water point that the guardians use to collect water which force them to collect water outside the hospital premises. In some health facilities, the water supply is through old technology.

In terms of latrines, most of the health facilities have inadequate numbers. There are many health facilities that have only one latrine. For instance, Chikwawa District Hospital has less than 20 latrines that are used by guardians.

Currently there are no plans for the construction of new health facilities. Rather, some health facilities would be extended. For instance, Chapananga Health Centre would be expanded to have a maternity wing. This means the number of people visiting the health facility would increase and there is a need to increase the number of water points and latrines.

4.3.3 Staffing levels at health facilities
The staffing levels at health facilities have slightly changed with the coming in of new permanent staff members. The district received almost 25 health personnel (nurses, clinical officers and medical officers) and recruited more than 100 HSAs.

However, this was followed by transfers and resignation of some of the health personnel from the district. It has to be pointed out also that most of the health personnel are at the district or semi urban areas. This means, the health facilities in the rural areas there is a great shortage of staff. Some of the factors for this are; unsuitable housing status, poor road network and adverse weather.

As such, the total health personnel in the district are very far from the recommended rations. For instance, the district currently has one government medical doctor. Assuming all people would be attended by him at the district, which is mostly the case because the other two medical doctors are under Illovo and Montfort Hospital; it means almost the whole population of Chikwawa which is 438,895 would be attended by one medical doctor against the 1:500 recommended ratios. On average, currently the nurse to population ratio is 1: 50000 against 1: 50.

4.3.4 Staffing levels at District Water Office
The district water office has District Community Water and Sanitation Officer (DCWSO), a hydrologist and four water monitoring assistants. The district was supposed to have an Assistant DCWSO and six water monitoring assistants and four area mechanics.
Therefore, the status of the office is pathetic in terms of human resource. Apart from that, the inadequate staff at the district is also inadequately funded to carry out its duties.
4.4 Public place targets for water supply and sanitation
There are a number of public places targeted for water supply and sanitation. Most of these places are market centre. There are almost eleven important market centres that are run by district assembly that require water supply and sanitation.

In most of the market centres like Boma, Nchalo, Chapananga, Makande, Livunzu, Mitondo, Dyeratu, Maperera and Bereu have no or proper water supply. In addition, out of the eleven market centre none has adequate number of latrines that meet the number of people that use them. Most of these market centres are hotspot for water borne diseases.

On the other hand, the district has four important bus terminals (bus stop). These are Ngabu, Nchalo, Dyeratu and Boma. However, none of them has a water supply and sanitation facility which could be used by the passengers.

In addition, the Assembly has four rest houses; however, two are being run by private business people. The two are not operating due to a number of reasons i.e. poor maintenance, which implies that the water and sanitation status of them is very bad. Even those that are being privately run, they are not yet meeting the sanitatory standards of a public place. In addition, the private business operators are not expected to invest much on the infrastructure. Therefore, there is a need for the Assembly to invest in water supply and sanitation of these public facilities..
4.5 Guiding Principles
The RWASH programme in Chikwawa is designed to follow the principles of water and sanitation reforms as outlined by the GoM in their recent National Water Policy, the draft Sanitation Policy and the Decentralization Programme. Most importantly these include:

• District-led: the district has explicit responsibility for the facilitation of improved watsan services for residents; Chikwawa welcomes additional partners and expects them to work in a coordinated manner that replicates the national Sector Wide Approach (SWAP) at the District; this means one plan, one M&E system, one report, coordinated funding, and common programming approaches.

• Wider partnership: the district needs to partner with NGOs, the private sector (PS) and others to implement our plans. The district will build the capacity of the local PS to take the lead in sanitation promotion by establishing sanitation centres consisting of local masons and help them to make these viable commercial services by providing assistance with business planning, marketing and product development. This will help ensure a network of san marts to sell products within easy distance of all or most households;

• Demand responsive: communities and households must voice a wish for improved services and demonstrates their sincerity by cash or in kind contribution for water and paying full price for improved latrines (e.g. sanplats); a willingness to learn and adopt new behaviours e.t.c; the previous approach of subsidized, supply-driven is now redundant;

• Supportive of Sector Reforms: the watsan sector is in transition with many changes including the transfer of responsibility from Central Government, an increased role for the non-state sector, heightened accountability and the establishment of District Water Offices. Chikwawa welcomes these changes and intends to be among the first Districts to make them operational;

• Sustainability: This has been included in all or most previous watsan programmes but the fact that some 30% of water points nationally were estimated to be non-functioning in 2005 suggests that new approaches need to be tried with additional resources. Chikwawa will continue with the Community Based Management approach while providing more support through an expanded network of Area Mechanics, private sector supply chains, and closer monitoring of sustainability statistics using the Water Point Management (WPM) inventory updated by Water Monitoring Assistants (WMAs);

• Child focused: all primary schools should have adequate watsan facilities; all schools should produce and follow a WASH action plan with simple activities appropriate for children; all pupils should learn three basic hygiene practices; The district will also seek opportunities to encourage school attendance among the 20% of children not attending school and work with the MOE and the UNICEF education sector to pursue this;

• Women involvement: as everywhere, women play a vital role in household management of water, sanitation and hygiene and thus health. Chikwawa will ensure women have a voice to influence the design of village WASH action plans and its implementation.

• Social inclusion: Chikwawa is generally poor, but within the communities there are groups of extreme poverty such as widow and orphan- headed households, the disabled, the landless, the sick and others. The district intends to develop a village planning process that ensures such groups are included, for example, giving them space to voice their interests and concerns by setting up sub groups in village meetings where they will freely speak. For sanitation the district will provide one free san plat to five of the very poorest families in each village. The identification would be done in a way that these people would be identified based on five strategic areas of the village. While this may undermine the no-subsidy principle, it realistically acknowledges that such families live in extreme poverty and will have great difficulty replacing open defecation with use of latrines. It also provides an opportunity for san centres and san marts to practice and display their San plat skills and products.

• Capacity building: The Chikwawa DSIP provides for necessary capacity development at district and community level, including private sector and NGOs in the promotion of decentralized systems for water point repair systems, the institutionalization of WES data management and use of the Malawi Social Economic Data Base (MASEDA).

• Fostering knowledge management: Management of knowledge will be strengthened in our district by documenting and sharing lessons learnt, successes, opportunities and constraints among all programme stakeholders at all levels. The District will encourage exchange visits among VHWCs, model villages, schools and DCTs in order to share knowledge and experiences.

• Promoting behavioural change: The DSIP focuses on three key hygiene practices that have proven effective in reducing diarrhoeal diseases which are safe storage and treatment of water at the household level, access to and effective use of sanitation facilities, and hand washing with soap at critical times i.e. after visiting toilet, and after changing baby’s nappy. These practises will typically result in a considerable reduction in diarrhoea prevalence, and the combination of these key interventions will result in an even greater reduction in water- and sanitation-related diseases.

4.6 Implementation Arrangements for Water and Sanitation
The DCT will have wide overview of all aspects of the DSIP and will have the following responsibilities:

• Ensure support from political and traditional leaders to prioritise the DSIP, set aside time at DA meetings for updates, etc.;
• Build coordination with partners in order to ensure that their activities are in harmony with the plan and that there are regular collaborative meetings;
• Ensure compliance with National Policies and Programmes;
• Supervise and support the extension workers, rural communities, local private sector and special sector groups such as Area Mechanics, VHWCs and Water Point Caretakers;
• Assess the necessary inputs to meet the plan’s objectives and ensure adequate financial and human resources to meet the targets;
• Monitor District Progress against the targets of the DSIP;
• Take corrective action to ensure that targets are met on time and within budget;
• Report on District Wide progress to the Ministries and to External Support Agencies through quarterly and annual reports.

The DCT will also be responsible for planning community work, training extension workers and overseeing implementation of all social aspects of the water supply and sanitation activities in the district. This is in accordance with the National Decentralization Policy that aims to integrate government agencies at the district and local level into one administrative unit through a process of institutional integration, manpower absorption, composite budgeting and provision of funds for the decentralization services. Hence, the DCT will spearhead all social aspects of water supply and sanitation activities in the district. It will also define the roles and functions of the local service providers (i.e. the sanitation centres and sanitary marts).

This arrangement at the district level will also be replicated at the TA level with the extension workers forming a sub-committee of the AEC. Membership of the water and sanitation sub-committee includes WMA from MoIWD, HSA from MoH, Community Development Assistants (CDA) from Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD), and NGO representatives.

The DA has official responsibility for the water and sanitation sector and allocates funds from the District Development Fund (DDF). The DEC is responsible for coordination, monitoring and evaluation of the DSIP. The ADCs are responsible for planning projects at the TA level as well as mobilising the community resources to implement them. The VDCs are responsible for planning and implementation at the village level, and the VHWCs and the WPCs are more specifically responsible for maintenance and management of the water points. The Village Health and Water Committees (VHWCs) will also conduct water quality testing and sanitary surveys to water points and household water.

The DCT, through the ADCs, will train area level mechanics in advanced water point repairs. In addition, two care takers per village will be trained and equipped with hand pump maintenance kits. School management committees will be responsible for identifying, drawing up contracts and supervising the work of local builders for school sanitation facilities.

The beneficiary communities will be the owners of the programme, contributing both in kind and in cash to the establishment and upkeep of the facilities. This includes managing the initial installation; operating and maintaining the facilities after construction; and taking responsibility for improved hygiene and health status. The VHWCs whose members are selected by and from the community, will represent the users and be responsible for the overall management of water supply and sanitation facilities. This entails setting and collecting fees as well as operation and maintenance. For each water point, a WPC will be established to take care of operation and maintenance of the facility. Similarly, Sanitation Clubs (SCs) will be established to facilitate and promote sanitation and hygiene interventions at school and community levels.

Communities will be involved through community organisational structures. The existing VHWCs and those to be established as part of the plan will be instrumental for the successful implementation of the plan. The communities will select the sites and initiate the construction of water supply and sanitation facilities. They will also take full responsibility for operation and maintenance costs, as well as some capital costs through cash contributions or contributions in kind (e.g. labour or agricultural produce). The communities, especially women, will be empowered through participatory methods to take charge at all stages of the programme cycle from planning stage through construction, operation and maintenance, and finally monitoring and evaluation.







CHAPTER 5 PLANNED INTERVENTIONS AND EXPECTED OUTPUTS

Chikwawa District will implement activities around the three components: Water Supply, Sanitation and Institutional Development and Support.

5.0 Water Supply
In order to improve the water situation in the District, the DSIP outlines a range of activities, including: provision of water supply at community level, in schools, and in health centres; promotion of community-based water resource management; and enhancing water supply management and technical capacity. All these approaches will support appropriate technology choices such that low-cost options are chosen over more expensive and unsustainable options.

5.0.1 Water supply at community-level
To improve the water supply at the community level, the District will construct a total of 871 new water points including 581 new boreholes, 73 new protected wells, and 218 new piped water stands. In line with the current policies and practices, the programme will adopt a demand responsive approach. The programme will use various technologies with strong emphasis on appropriate and sustainable options with operation and maintenance costs affordable for the particular communities. For the boreholes, those fitted with hand pumps (Afridev) are the technology of choice. Users must be within 500 metres from the source. The protected wells are usually hand dug wells that are fitted with a direct action pump. New piped water stands will be built where upland springs exist and a pipeline through which water flows to downstream communities can be built or extended.

The District will also rehabilitate just over 620 existing water points. Many existing systems from earlier investments are lying to waste due to non functionality and repairs that are beyond community capacity. For boreholes fitted with hand pumps, these repairs are usually related to the drilled borehole itself (e.g. silting or dropped in pump parts). Non-functional gravity-fed systems require a relatively large investment to be resuscitated. In this way, the District hopes to reduce the number of non-functional water points as well as the breakdown rate for functional water points. The table x below itemises the planned activities on water points at community level per TA.

Table 19 Schedule of Water Point Construction and Rehabilitation
Traditional Authority Total number of water points Technology to be used Planned Number for Maintenance/
Rehabilitation Construction Number of water points/year
1 2 3 4 5 6
Ngabu
641 Borehole 357 20 20 20 20 20 20
Stand pipe - - - - - -
Shallow well 5 5 5 5 5 5
Ngowe
50 Borehole 23 11 11 11 11 11 11
Stand pipe - - - - - -
Shallow well 3 3 3 3 3 3

Masache 47 Borehole 28 3 3 3 3 3 3
Stand pipe - - - - - -
Shallow well - - - - - -
Lundu 38 Borehole 19 10 10 10 10 10 10
Stand pipe - - - - - -
Shallow well - - - - -
Chapananga
321 Borehole 263 13 13 13 13 13 13
Stand pipe - - - - - -
Shallow well - - - - - -
Ndakwera 45 Borehole 20 6 6 6 6 6 6
Stand pipe - - - - - -
Shallow well - - - - - -
Kasisi
106 Borehole 66 7 7 7 7 7 7
Stand pipe - - - - - -
Shallow well - - - - - -
Mulilima
21 Borehole 13 2 2 2 2 2 2
Stand pipe - - - - - -
Shallow well - - - - - -
Maseya 43 Borehole 38 6 6 6 6 6 6
Stand pipe - - - - - -
Shallow well - - - - - -
Katunga
144 Borehole 74 6 6 6 6 6 6
Stand pipe - - - - - -
Shallow well - - - - - -
Makhuwira 242 Borehole 126 14 14 14 14 14 14
Stand pipe 36 36 36 36 36 36
Shallow well 4 4 4 4 4 4


5.0.2 Water supply in schools
To ensure that school children have access to safe water, the plan will also include provision of new boreholes for 39 schools. For highly populated schools, the district would look into possibility of offering a higher service level whereby existing or newly drilled boreholes with good hydraulic parameters could be fitted with solar driven motorized systems in order to increase coverage for pupils and teachers as well as surrounding communities. Since provision of safe water facility at a school does not guarantee that the water will still be safe at the time of ingestion, all 162 schools will also be provided with one drinking water storage container with tap per classroom. This will contribute to the promotion of safe collection, handling and use of safe water while at the same time motivating pupils to drink safe water. Meanwhile, the DSIP will strengthen community-level capacity for planning and monitoring through multi-sectoral village-school level action plans using the Community Dialogue, Appreciative Enquiry and Triple-A processes. These Village and School level Action Plans will feed directly into the District Development Plans.

Table 20 outlines the schedule for construction of water points in schools

Education Zone Total Number of Water points Technology to be used Number of Constructions/Year

1 2 3 4 5 6
Boma 3 Borehole 1 1 1 - - -
2 Stand pipes 1 1 - - - -
Changoima 6 Borehole 2 2 1 1 - -
Dolo 2 Borehole 1 1 - - - -
Kakoma 3 Borehole 1 1 1 - - -
Kalambo 8 Boreholes 1 3 1 1 1 -
Konzere 3 Borehole 1 1 1 - - -
Livunzu 3 Boreholes 1 1 1 - - -
2 Stand pipes - - 1 1 - -
Maperera 2 Borehole 1 1 - - - -
1 Stand pipe - - 1 - - -
Mbewe 4 Borehole 1 1 1 1 - -
2 Stand pipe - - 1 1 - -
Nchalo 1 Stand pipe - - 1 - - -
Ngabu 3 Borehole 1 1 1 - - -
-Nsenjere 1 Borehole 1 - - - - -

5.0.3 Water supply in health centres
Regarding water supply to health centres, the District’s aim is to raise the coverage of reliable water supply in health facilities, especially those with maternity services, to 100% by 2015. Safe and adequate water supply for drinking, washing and cleaning is a priority for all health centres in order to ensure good hygiene and prevent secondary infections among patients. Data collected from a recent survey indicate that only 11 of the 22 health facilities/centres in the District currently have safe and adequate water supply. Therefore, the remaining 11 health centres will be targeted for installation of reticulation systems with appropriate pumping devices such as electrical, solar or wind-powered submersible pumps or drilling of boreholes. In addition, in the existing/working water supply in 4 health facilities needs to be upgraded and rehabilitated. This will help to reduce the high infant mortality and morbidity at health centres due to lack of water and sanitation. The MoH, through the Chikwawa District Health Office will undertake the regular maintenance and back-up support for the water supply once installed.

Table 21: Showing current status and targets for water supply at health facilities

Health Facility
Availability of water Availability of Running Water Maintenance/
Rehabilitation Number of Constructions/Year
1 2 3 4 5 6
1.Makhwira   1 1 - 1 - - -
2.Maperera   1 1 - - - - -
3.Kakoma x x 1 1 - 1 - - -
4.Chapananga x x 1 2 - 1 - - -
5.Chang’ambika x x 1 1 - - 1 - -
6.Gaga   1 - - - 1 - -
7.Ndakwela x x 1 1 - - - 1 -
8.Misomali x X 1 1 - - - 1 -
9.Dolo x X 1 1 - - 1 - -
10.Mkumaniza x X 1 1 - - - 1 -
11.Chipwaila   1 - - 1 - - -
12.Gola x X 1 1 - - 1 -
13. Ngabu Rural   1 2 - - - 1 -
14. Chithumba x X 1 1 - - - - 1
15. Mfera   1 - - - 1 - -
16.Kasinthula Dispensary   1 - - - - - 1
17.Kapichira Clinic   1 - - - - - -
18.Bereu Dispensary x X 1 1 - 1 - - -
19. Illovo Clinics   1 - - - - - -
20.Montfort Hospital   1 1 - - - 1 -
21.Mafale Dispensary   1 - - - 1 - -
22.Chikwawa DHO   1 5 - - 3 - 2

5.0.4 Water supply in public places
The well established public places in the district are markets (trading centres). There are no major bus terminals in the district, only bus stops. However, four of these need to have water supply based on the number of people that use them.

Table 22: Planned Targets for Water Supply for Public Places
Trading Centre/Market Traditional
Authority Technology to be used Maintenance/
Rehabilitation Number of constructions/Year
1 2 3 4 5 6
Ngabu Ngabu Stand Pipe - 2 1 - - - -
Nchalo Ngabu Stand Pipe 1 stand pipe 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dyeratu Katunga Stand Pipe/ borehole 1 borehole 1 1 1 - - -
Chapananga Chapananga Borehole - 1 - - - - -
Livunzu Makhwira Stand pipe - 2 1 1 - - -
Mitondo Makhwira Stand pipe - 2 1 - - - -
Boma Kasisi Stand pipe 1 2 - 1 - 1 -
Maperera Makhwira Borehole/ stand pipe - 1 - 1 - - -
Thambwa Mulilima Borehole/ stand pipe - 1 - - - 1 -
Tomali Lundu Borehole - 1 - - - - -
Kunyinda Ngabu Borehole - 1 - - - - -
Ngabu Bus Stage Ngabu Stand pipe - - - 1 - - -
Nchalo Bus Stage Lundu Stand Pipe - - - - 1 -
Dyeratu Bus Stage Katunga Stand pipe - - - - 1 -
Boma Bus Stage Kasisi Stand pipe - - 1 - - -

5.1 Sanitation
The DSIP has outlined a number of activities to improve the sanitation situation in the District. These includes: community sanitation; school sanitation; health centre sanitation; and improving management and technical capacity for sanitation and hygiene. As in water supply, all these approaches will support appropriate technology choices such that low-cost options are chosen over more expensive and unsustainable options. The sanitation work will be demand-led by marketing and not supply-led by subsidy. The mass marketing and sanitation promotion will be carried out across the whole district, while the specific activities to encourage latrine construction will concentrate on the same villages where water facilities will be constructed and/or rehabilitated.

5.1.1 Community sanitation
In accordance with the draft national sanitation policy, the District will focus mainly on increasing demand for sanitation and strengthening the supply of sanitation facilities as described below. Hence, most direct material or cash subsidies to households will be avoided. An exception to this will be made for vulnerable households that have no form of excreta disposal. The district will provide demonstration latrines to 691 of the very poorest households. Vulnerability criteria will be locally defined but may include HIV infected AIDS patients, child-headed households, and disabled persons. These demonstration latrines are expected to stimulate demand from the rest of the village households. This will drive the district in achieving its targets of 0% for open defecation, 20% for traditional latrines and 80% for improved pit latrines by 2015.


Open defecation by just a few households constitutes a public health hazard to entire communities including those households who are already practicing safe hygiene and using improved latrines. The district intends to do away with open defecation as an option for excreta disposal. In order to realise this objective, the District will engage in promotional activities including passing and enforcement of relevant by-laws.

In order to increase demand for better sanitation facilities, the District will employ social and commercial marketing strategies to promote appropriate sanitation facilities and better hygiene practices. This will be done through a combination of exchange visits, focus group discussions, drama and other participatory tools as well as through a mass campaign on behavioural change and technological options. The households will be provided with a menu of options for construction of facilities starting from the basic sanitation facility as defined by the draft Sanitation Policy. Higher level services will be available for households that are willing and able to pay for them. VHWCs and HSAs will conduct informal contacts, community meetings, and house-to-house visits in order to help communities assess: their current needs; the status of their water and sanitation facilities; and the prevalence of water and sanitation related diseases. Based on this analysis, each community will develop a Village Action Plan (VAP) using participatory tools such as community mapping, household cards and ladders on water and sanitation. The community will go ahead with the activities they can do for themselves while the HSAs will help them to prepare applications for those activities which need help from the Assembly.

Hygiene promotion activities will cover the entire district, not only the communities implementing water supply and sanitation. The DSIP will focus on the four key hygiene practices that have been shown to be extremely effective in reducing diarrhoeal diseases. These are:

• safe collection, storage, treatment and handling of water at the household level;
• access to and effective use of a sanitation facility, such as a latrine;
• correct method and frequency of hand washing at critical times (e.g. before food preparation, after defecation, before eating & after changing a baby/child); and
• Safe disposal of children’s faeces.

Each of these interventions is expected to result in a considerable reduction in diarrhoea prevalence, and the combination of these key interventions will result in an even greater reduction.

Table 23: Planned Targets for Sanitation within Communities
Health Centre Catchment Area Technologies to be used Target for six years Planned target per year

1.Makhwira Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 4954 826
2.Maperera Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 304 51
3.Kakoma Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 2296 383
4.Chapananga Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 2327 388
5.Chang’ambika Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 638 106
6.Gaga Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 1434 239
7.Ndakwela Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 1704 284
8.Misomali Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 378 63
9.Dolo Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 2776 463
10.Mkumaniza Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 627 105
11.Chipwaila Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 3882 647
12.Gola Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 461 77
13. Ngabu Rural Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 4051 675
14. Chithumba Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 996 166
15. Mfera Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 2756 459
16.Kasinthula Dispensary Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 1215 203
17.Kapichira Clinic Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 341 57
18.Bereu Dispensary Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 987 165
19. Illovo Clinics Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines. Some would be encouraged to use water closet latrines 3211 535
20.Montfort Hospital Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines. Some would be encouraged to use water closet latrines 2869 478
21.Mafale Dispensary Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines 425 71
22.Chikwawa DHO Improved sanitation facilities i.e. Eco-san latrines. Some would be encouraged to use water closet latrines 2210 368








5.1.2 Sanitation in schools
The School Sanitation and Hygiene Programme (SSHP) will include water supply, gender-sensitive sanitation and hygiene promotion. These three elements will combine to improve the school environment of 162 primary schools serving 109,437 pupils and teachers. Promoting children as the key agents of change is one of the fundamental principles of this programme.

The District Education Manager will select the target schools in liaison with the DCT. The criteria will be the same as for target communities, taking into consideration demand created by previous UNICEF-assisted WASHE programs. Once the schools are selected, their Parent-Teacher Associations (PTAs) and SMCs will be oriented on the programme and on their roles and responsibilities. The School Management Committees will be responsible for identifying local builders for a package of sanitation facilities including 10 pit latrines, 2 urinals and 2 hand washing facilities per school. The hand washing facilities, which will use soap or ash, will be constructed close to all latrines and urinal blocks for use by pupils and teachers alike. The committees will be responsible for drawing up the contracts and supervising the construction work. Selection of the sites and technological options will be done in a participatory manner involving pupils and teachers. The intention is for all schools in the District to have at least one sanitation package.

In order to promote behavioural change among children, the district has identified key “change agents” such as PTA members, school teachers and school sanitation club members, who will be targeted for training on use and application of Information Education and Communication (IEC) materials such as Child Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (CHAST) and Life Skills. This training will be conducted in collaboration with the Ministry of Education. Targeting children at a formative age increases the likelihood that new behaviours will be adopted and carried into adulthood. CHAST and Life Skills are examples of interventions that can support behavioural change in children. Once the District has provided a safe and hygienic environment in all schools, it is anticipated that this will increase enrollment, performance and contribute to reduction in drop-out rates especially for the girl child.
5.1.3 Sanitation in Health Centres
For sanitation in health centres, the District will provide 6 health centres/posts with a package of improved sanitation facilities including a minimum of four latrines, one placenta pit and one sharps pit per facility. Only health centres with maternity wards will be targeted. The District Health Offices will be responsible for the implementation of these activities.

Since the Ministry of Health is central to the promotion of sanitation and hygiene education, the Health Surveillance Assistants will require tools with which to guide people both at household and community-level. The District will assist the Ministry of Health to develop and distribute such tools to all Health Surveillance Assistants (HSAs) and will train health centre staff in key hygiene practices including hand washing and safe management of medical waste and

Health Surveillance Assistants (HSAs) are usually stationed at health centres and will ensure that health promotion is being conducted both within the centre and in the surrounding communities. They will distribute the hygiene promotion materials for the communities. VHWCs will be linked to the health centres through the HSAs. The link will ensure that the HSAs and VHWCs are able to obtain information on the health status of their villages, including current and emerging diseases, and provide feedback to the village leaders and households.


5.2 Water Supply & Sanitation Management and Technical Capacity
Availability of adequate staff in public and private institutions and relevant skills at various levels will be vital for the implementation of the DSIP at both district and community levels.

This being fundamental to the process the DSIP proposes a number of interventions to strengthen the technical capacity and institutional mechanisms to facilitate smooth implementation of the DSIP in Chikwawa district.

5.2.1 Skills Audit at District Level
A skills audit will be conducted for all staff involved in the implementation of WASH activities with particular focus on the offices of DWO and DHO. This exercise will establish the existing skills and gaps within the district sector players. The results would provide a sound basis for developing relevant training programs aimed at building the necessary technical capacity.

New posts will have to be created, staff recruited and training provided in a wide range of topics such as: planning and management; technical water and sanitation skills; monitoring and evaluation; behavioural change/transformation; community organisation; Management Information System/Geographical Information System (MIS/GIS); and contract management including vendor procurement, certification and payment.

5.2.2 Staff Audit at District Level
One of the implications of the new Decentralisation Policy is that there is a new set of roles and responsibilities and new institutional arrangements for delivery of services at district and sub-district levels. A staff audit will be conducted for all line departments responsible for implementation of WASH interventions within the district in order to establish the available numbers of various staff cadres against the existing establishment requirements and service demand on the ground based on targeted population within the district.

The results of the exercise would form a basis for lobbying for additional supply and recruitment of staff from the relevant respective line departments and ministries at central level. This is particularly necessary in the wake of devolution of most departments’ core functions and responsibilities to district assemblies.

5.2.3 Recruitment of WMAs and HSAs
The office of DWO would play a key role in terms technical implementation alongside the office of DHO. Where gaps exist there will be need for recruitment or deployment of additional WMAs and HSAs in Chikwawa district. The current gaps would require 9 WMAs and 236 HSAs. The idea is to ensure that each TA has its own WMA and each health zone has an HSA.

5.2.4 Administrative infrastructure and facilities at district level
In order to develop the capacity in the district to successfully carry out the planned interventions, it will also be necessary to strengthen infrastructure in terms of district office and equipment. Specifically, there is a need for larger office space, computer equipment, and office furniture, as well as vehicles, motorcycles and bicycles to enable district team and extension workers to carry out the water and sanitation activities.

5.2.5 Promotion of Establishment of Institutions for Sustainability
Community based institutions can foster sustainability of operation and maintenance of water points and gravity fed water schemes through community sensitizations on the benefits of such institutions and through provision of appropriate technical backstopping and advice. The same applies to sanitation activities. The DCT will facilitate the establishment of these institutions.

Private sector area mechanics provide maintenance services for water points at an affordable cost to the communities. Following the success of area pump mechanics in Chikwawa, the District will continue working with area development committees to select and train an additional 26 area mechanics in advanced repairs of hand pumps. Operation and maintenance of rural water supply is the responsibility of the community through the Village Health and Water Committees (VHWC). In order to help these committees to fulfill this role, the District will train VHWC members in 95 villages per year in topics such as management of maintenance funds, contracting area mechanics, etc. Finally, the District will also train, and equip with hand pump maintenance kits, two water point caretakers (WPC) per water point. These WPCs have the responsibility of carrying out simple preventive repairs and ensuring that the pump or water point is properly operated by the user community members. The district is supposed to have 6 Water Monitoring Assistants (WMA). However, currently only 2 are present which means 7 WMA are to be trained to achieve to proportionately achieve its garget.

5.2.6. Capacity Enhancement at Community and District Levels
DCT through the relevant stakeholders will encourage the integration of relevant capacity building initiatives in all WASH interventions for the participating local staff and responsible institutions both at district and community levels. This would enable continuity and sustainability of interventions and technologies. Capacity building could take the form of trainings, on the job skills transfer and exchange or study tours.

Local service providers such as small scale contractors, masons, artisans and spare parts providers will deliberately be targeted for capacity building as well.

In order to effectively bring about behavioural change, the district recognizes that certain key groups can be used as communication channels, in addition to media. These groups include:

• VHWC, VDC, ADC, CBOs and other committees
• Household Heads (immaterial of their sex)
• In school youth (primary and secondary)
• Out of school youth (through youth clubs)
• Care givers of under fives
• Village Headmen
• Religious leaders
• Teachers

In order to provide these groups with the knowledge and skills required for community-based sanitation and hygiene promotion, the District will provide training and simple PHAST tool kits using its core team of PHAST trainers. Village Health and Water Committees (VHWCs) will be formed and/or reactivated and trained in community-based management of water and sanitation facilities. The VHWC training will cover three main topics: leadership skills and roles of the committee, operation and maintenance of water and sanitation facilities, and hygiene promotion. The committees will be trained on the link between poor sanitation and diseases using participatory methods such as PHAST. This training will give the committees the skills and motivation to lead the community’s work for improved sanitation.

Exchange visits to villages with improved sanitation will be undertaken to give VHWC members and other leaders the opportunity to learn how successful practices can be replicated in their own villages. Following the visits, the committee members will discuss what they have learnt and how this could be applied in their own villages. VHWCs will be responsible for visiting the individual households and helping them to make household plans using household cards. This will be done in a participatory manner using the PHAST approach. Household plans will feed into village action plans and eventually into the District Action Plan. VHWCs will also be trained to conduct water quality testing and sanitary surveys to water points and household water. The VHWCs will also be trained on the treatment of drinking water in the house or at the water source using Water Guard which is locally available in the shops. Programme activities will be paralleled by the expansion of social marketing of Water Guard, thereby increasing awareness and access to the product, as well as correct and consistent use throughout the target communities.

The District Coordinating Teams (DCTs) will define the roles and functions of these local service providers (i.e. the sanitation centres and sanitary marts) and regulate them so that communities and householders can contract their services. The local private sector will be encouraged to invest in these local service providers. The District will also help to develop appropriate and affordable technologies to meet the needs of certain sub-groups in society (such as young children, people with disabilities, and menstruating women) who have special needs in terms of latrine design. Technical support will be provided in areas where soil and environmental conditions are not conducive to normal construction methods. For example, concrete rings could be introduced for pit lining in sandy or unstable soils.

5.2.7 Establishment of Mechanisms for Ensuring Security of Facilities
To ensure that facilities are secured from such malpractices as vandalism, different mechanisms will be put in place and the Assembly will facilitate the empowerment of communities to own their facilities through the promotion of community based management (CBM) of water supply facilities and infrastructure. Working with the Malawi Police Services (MPS) would be fundamental in integrating community policing in the community level management of water facilities.


5.2.8 Establishment of Spare Part Distribution Network
The DA will engage the private sector to stock spare parts for water supply facilities in their hardware shops in all major trading centres within Chikwawa leading to the establishment of a spare part distribution network. A similar arrangement will be made with other private sector players on sanitation facilities.

It is envisaged that such a network will assist all communities in the district to be able to readily access the spare parts which are required for the basic maintenance of the their water supply facilities and supplies for sanitation infrastructure. The DCT would compile a database of spare part providers within the district and make it available to all communities through the existing network of WASH extension workers within the district.

To respond to the demand created through social marketing, supply chains such as san centres and retail outlets will also have to be strengthened. Since some of the technologies being promoted are not yet widely applied and therefore have not attracted private sector investment, the district will support the private sector in establishment of production centers also called sanplats, run on commercial terms. Likewise the building industry at local level may require new skills to construct improved sanitation facilities. The district will also support existing retail outlets to stock and sell sanplats, water guard and other commodities that contribute to household hygienic practices.

Specifically, 47 local masons per year will be trained in casting sanitation platforms (sanplats) and other latrine components to serve 300 household to accelerate sanitation coverage. The District will promote the establishment of 22 sanitation centres staffed by those people trained to manufacture the sanplats and other components, and 110 sanitary marts to market affordable, acceptable and sustainable latrine technologies to householders in all the traditional authority areas. Based on current experiences in Chikwawa, these technologies will include: sanplats using fibre glass moulds; urinals for girls and boys, integrated sanitation platform; ventilated improved pit latrines; hand washing facilities, refuse pits, water drainage channels and soak way pits. The District will also try the Ecosan latrine technology. All the technology options will be designed to meet the specific needs of communities and households.


5.3 Water Resource Management
Degradation of catchments is one of the main causes of non-functioning piped water systems in Chikwawa. There is also growing evidence that underground water supply is being degraded or depleted. The District will therefore assist the VHWCs to manage their water resources holistically, including practical and legal interventions to protect the catchments. t is important that catchment management be undertaken in order to promote sustainable natural resource management of all basin scales.

The proposed water resource management strategy has the following three principle technical objectives:

• Identify groundwater circulation and its overall physiographic and hydrogeologic framework (i.e., recharge, transmission, and storage and discharge regimes) as this has important implications for sustainability of resources, modes of exploitation and sanitation.
• Evaluate the sustainable yield of shallow circulation and take into account dry season recession.
• Establish the quality/health sustainability through appropriate modes of exploitation.

However, it is often difficult to reconcile the need for long term natural resource management with the demands of subsistence agriculture and population growth at the level of individual rural communities. Hence, close attention has to be paid to the socio-cultural framework within which water supply and the adoption of compatible mechanisms is negotiated in order to ensure participation of all user groups. The Natural Resource Committees (NRCs) are existing village-level committees that were formed to safeguard the environment. In order to impart the key principles, knowledge and practical skills needed for integrated community-based water resource management, the District will provide training for NRC members from 123 villages per year and the priority would be those villages in the catchment areas for gravity feed water schemes. In order to ensure participation of communities living in the catchment areas, the district will make sure that they are provided with water points to see the benefit of conserving the catchment area.

In the rainy seasons, river banks overflow leading to flooding. The District will also promote community water resource management activities, such as tree planting and buffer zone protection of surface water sources. Tree planting coupled with the creation of buffers zones can reduce soil erosion, help support the hydrological cycle, and mitigate against flooding which leads to internal displacement of persons. The District will ensure that only tree species that do well in those areas are used to ensure high survival of the planted trees. Furthermore, it will ensure that communities utilize the forests for sustainable income generating activities. Respective activities under water resource management are outlined and explained

5.3.1 Water Quality Monitoring
Within Chikwawa District there are primarily three (3) different water service technologies in use. These are GFS, boreholes and protected shallow wells. Technology selection is based on the topography and known groundwater table level in the given area. A water quality monitoring protocol will be put in place in order to track the quality of water being supplied to beneficiary communities in the district.

Water quality sampling done regularly but this will be limited to public taps, boreholes and public protected shallow wells only. If household samples to be collected it would be on special cases such as water related disease outbreak where further investigations in such specific areas would be required.

Water quality testing on gravity fed systems will be limited to intakes, tanks and selected public taps chosen due to their location within the system. The taps would be chosen to represent locations that include at least one sample from each main line, usually selected at the end of the line. The rationale for this is that if the water quality at the end of the line is within acceptable range then all areas upstream should be acceptable as well.

5.4 Water Catchment Protection Management
In order to ensure sustenance of both surface water in rivers and streams, and ground water within the district’s aquifers, a number of catchment management interventions will be planned.

5.4.1 Promotion of Land Resources Conservation Measures
The Land Resources Conservation Department (LRCD) within the District Agricultural Development Office (DADO) and relevant NGOs will intensify the promotion of both physical and biological soil and water conservation measures among the district’s farming communities. The district will strive to mobilize resources to support the implementation of soil and water conservation measures at strategic hotspots within the district as demonstration sites.

Where necessary inter-district catchment conservation projects will be developed for implementation by neighboring communities with districts sharing boundaries with Chikwawa but falling within same river or GFS catchments.

5.4.2 Environmental Management Training Programs
Joint sector environmental management trainings will be conducted in all the 11 TAs in Chikwawa, targeting the TAs and group village heads (GVHs). The trainings will be jointly conducted by the major concerned line departments namely: Environmental Affairs, Forestry, Fisheries, Water, Land Resources Conservation Department (LRCD) and Irrigation, in order to raise the local leadership awareness on the existing policies and need for holistic catchment management in water resources management.

5.4.3 Village Awareness Campaigns
Awareness campaigns will be conducted in all villages within the district in order to raise awareness regarding the need for catchment protection which would lead to community mobilization for catchment management.

5.5 Programme Management and Coordination
The DCT is responsible for delivering WASH programme results, and within the DCT it is currently MoIWD which has the lead responsibility. The reporting channel for WASH in the District is as follows: from DCT to DEC then to DA and finally to MoIWD and External Support agencies. On average, the six members of the DCT are expected to allocate about 40% of their work load to WASH, which translates into approximately 80 to 90 days per year. Extension personnel involved in WASH will also be expected to contribute time to the cause and their estimated contributions for year one are tabulated below






Table 24: Extension Workers Contributing to WASH in Year 1

Extension Workers Number in the District Total no of PDs in year 1 Av. PDs per person
HAS. 464 2800 6
PEA 13 624 48
CDA 12 1152 96
Forestry Assistants 5 120 24
EHO 8 192 24
WMA 2 520 260
Total 499

PD-Person Days

5.6 Emergency Preparedness
The most common emergency-related disasters in Chikwawa District are natural disasters such as floods, drought and outbreaks of cholera. In Chikwawa, the risk of cholera begins with the onset of rains in November and continues until April. Cholera is a major risk factor in flood situations because of the possible and immediate break down of water and sanitation facilities. Nutrition Rehabilitation Units (NRUs), school feeding centres, schools and religious infrastructures that turn to be disaster victims’ camps in particular, are at risk and must therefore maintain a minimum level of hygiene to prevent cholera outbreaks. In general, most communities are aware of cholera and know that poor sanitation increases the risk of contracting the disease. However, some communities have inadequate knowledge of how to prevent the disease from breaking out and how to protect themselves through proper hygiene practices. Another public health concern is a potential outbreak of Avian Flu. Although a potential Avian Flu outbreak is unlikely to affect water and sanitation systems, it would require increased enforcement of hand-washing to reduce the spread of the disease and the incidence of diarrhoea and waterborne diseases.

The district has a District Civil Protection Committee which also acts as an emergency task force for most natural disasters under the leadership of the District Commissioner. Through this task force, the District maintains a minimum level of preparedness through the development and continual updating of a district emergency contingency plan. In the event of an outbreak of a WASH related disease such as cholera, the taskforce would be able to conduct a rapid assessment to determine the number of people affected (including children & women) and the locations of those at risk.

To ensure rapid emergency response in the event of a flood or cholera outbreak exceeding district supply capacity, the District will stand ready to provide initial relief assistance and support communities to organise themselves thereby minimising the misery of the affected population. The District will achieve this through the following strategies:

• Developing and updating emergency preparedness and response plans;
• Developing and providing tools and guidelines for communities to harness resources;
• Reporting and monitoring of emergency response and activities; and
• Ensuring that about 5 percent of the district budget is reserved for emergencies.

Some of the activities that the District might undertake in the event of a natural disaster include:
• Rapid assessments within 48 hours of the occurrence of any emergency;
• Pre-positioning of supplies in areas likely to be affected by a disaster such as cholera; floods
• Mobilization of local leaders and community volunteers to engage community members in efforts to prevent or minimize the effect of disasters;
• Conducting hygiene and cholera prevention campaigns;
• Repair and rehabilitation of water points; and
• Chlorination of household drinking water where necessary.

In order to ensure emergency preparedness, the DSIP must include provisions for the development of continual updating of emergency response plans including associated resource mobilization, information management, coordination and monitoring and evaluation. Based on previous experiences, it is estimated that Chikwawa District will require an average of MK 10,500,000.00 per year for risk management and emergency preparedness. This includes provision of supplies for emergency prevention and capacity building for emergency response.


5.7 Reporting and Reviews
The District Assembly will submit quarterly progress reports prepared in an agreed format and using the same indicators listed above. The reports will cover all aspects of implementation including the status of programme execution, expenditure levels by component and activities, and any other issues or unforeseen problems and proposed solutions. The reports will be submitted in time to enable decisions and corrective actions to be taken in order to maintain the scheduled momentum of the programme. DCT members from other sectors will provide copies of reports to their respective line ministries and NGO head offices.

There will be regular programme reviews for the duration of the DSIP, including mid-year and end-of-year reviews. Annual reports and relevant documentations will be shared with all partners at least 2 weeks before the annual reviews. These annual reviews will start with a field visit, on which all donors and national-level staff will be encouraged to participate. The annual joint reviews will provide the formal mechanism through which all parties can agree to modify the outputs and adapt or supplement the activities accordingly. The outcome of the annual reviews will be widely shared with the donors and civil society members.

Regular reporting will show actual progress compared to planned progress and will cover progress results, milestones, financial results and developmental results. Progress results show whether, the project is ahead, behind or on schedule while milestones refer to the completion of key activities. Financial results focus on receipts and budget expenditure to determine whether the project is under-expended, over-expended or on target and in which areas. Development results are project accomplishments in terms of expected changes, e.g. increased capacity, expanded services, and improved practices. Development results are measured by pre-selected indicators which may be quantitative or qualitative, or both.

The Chikwawa DCT will also promote information sharing within the District and with other districts on key lessons, constraints and other experiences gained through the DSIP. Key target audiences will be community workers, frontline workers in villages and areas, CBOs and NGOs. The aim is to achieve an overall improvement in knowledge management in the WASH sector. One key activity will be exchange visits for extension workers and VHWCs to other districts to enhance their vision and knowledge. By fostering appreciation of successful approaches both within Chikwawa and in other districts, the DSIP hopes to achieve more sustainable solutions. All partners will be oriented on best practices for programme implementation, accounting, reporting and managing information at the community level to ensure that the programme reaches its target groups.

5.8 Partnerships
The district has a number of partners in the implementation of its various interventions. To facilitate partner coordination it is important that the different agents know about each other. Some notable partners include:

In Chikwawa district, NGOs play a significant role in complementing the District Assembly’s efforts to improve access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. NGOs currently working in this sector in Chikwawa include: World Vision Malawi (WVM), Evangelical Lutheran Development Service (ELDS), and Water for People, Centre for Victimised Women and Children, (COVWOC) and Fresh Water. These NGOs will require some capacity development in terms of training field staff on participatory approaches and provision of participatory tools. Sector coordination will also be strengthened through the signing of Memoranda of Understanding with NGOs and CBOs to enhance uptake of DSIP knowledge and its management.

The Director of Public Works along with representatives from relevant sector ministries will be responsible for coordination through:
• quarterly WASH DCT planning, review and coordination meetings;
• Area Executive Committee planning and review meetings; and
• VHWC and School Management Committee forum for joint planning and review.
5.9 Summary of Planned Outputs
A summary of planned outputs is shown in Table 24. In order to determine the number of users that would benefit from these outputs, the DSIP employed the following basic assumptions about number of users per facility:
• Average no. of people served by a borehole: 250
• Average no. of people served by a protected shallow well: 125
• Average no. of people served by a stand pipe: 125
• Average no. of people served by a rehabilitated water point: 250
• Average no. of people served by a district health centre: 10,000
• Average school population is estimated at 560

These numbers are based on information from the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development as well as 2006 Education and Management Information system.

Table 25: Planned Outputs for Chikwawa District WASH Targets, 2009 - 2015
Component 1: Improved access to and sustained use of safe water supply up from 45% to 80% by 2015

No. Outputs No. of users Total units Explanatory notes
1.1 Water Supply in Communities
1.1.1 Access to safe water from newly constructed boreholes 145,250 581 Boreholes fitted with hand pumps [Afridev] are the technology of choice. Users must be within 500m from source. Average number of people served by a borehole is 250.
1.1..2 Access to safe water from newly constructed protected wells 9,125 73 These are usually hand dug wells fitted with a direct action pumps. Users must be within 500m from source. Average number of people served by a well is 125.
1.1..3 Access to safe water from newly piped water tap stands 27,250 218 Where upland springs exist, a pipeline through which water flows to downstream communities can be built or extended. Users must be within 500m from source. Average number of people served by a tap stand is 125.
1.1.4 Access to safe water from existing rehabilitated water points 155,000 620 Existing systems are lying to waste due to malfunctions beyond community capacity to repair (e.g., silting, dropped in pump parts). Average number served of people by rehabilitated water point is 250.
1.2 Water Supply in Schools
1.2.1 Access to safe water from new constructed boreholes in schools 21,840 46 46 school each with a population of 560. For highly populated schools, the district will explore possibility of a higher service level in which hydraulic parameters are fitted with solar driven motorized systems.
1.2.2 Schools equipped with drinking water storage containers 90,720 1296 In order to ensure that water is still safe at the time of ingestion, the district will provide containers with taps to an average of 8 classrooms per school for 162 schools, each with a population of 560.
1.3 Water Supply in Health Centres
1.3.1 Health Centres access safe water from new constructed supply points 110,000 11 Safe and adequate water supply is crucial for drinking, washing and cleaning in health centres in order to prevent secondary infections among patients due to lack of hygiene. 11 Health centres serving approximately 10,000 people per centre will be targeted
1.4 Water Resource Management
1.4.1 Natural Resource Committees (NRC) from targeted villages have knowledge and skills for community based water resource management (WRM) 12,915 861 The NRCs are existing committees formed to safe guard the environment. In those villages with new/rehabilitated water points, the district will provide training to NRC members on key principles, skills and activities for integrated, community-based WRM.
1.4.2 Villages have new trees planted and buffer zones created along river banks to prevent flooding. 400 10,000,000 Tree planting coupled with creation of buffers zones along river banks can moderate against flooding during rainy season, reduce soil erosion and support the hydrological cycle. 400 villages will be targeted.
1.5 Water Supply Management and Technical Capacity including Operation and Maintenance


1.5.1 Area mechanics acquire knowledge, skills, tools and equipment for maintenance of protected water sources. 32 32 Private sector area mechanics provide maintenance services for water points at a cost to the communities. The district will provide initial technical training, repair tools, bicycles and refresher courses every three years.
1.5.2 Village Health and Water Committees (VHWC) are skilled in sustainable management of their protected water services. 6670 667 Operation and maintenance of rural water supply is the responsibility of the community through the VHWC. The district will ensure that these committees are trained in topics such as management of maintenance funds, contracting area mechanics, etc. Ten committee members per VHWC.
1.5.3 Water Point Committees (WPCs) have knowledge, skills and tools for preventive maintenance of protected water facilities. 16,401 1491 WPCs carry out simple preventive repairs and also ensure that the pump or water point is properly operated by the user community members.11 members per committee in or 1491 water points will be trained or refreshed.

Component 2: Improved access to and sustained use of adequate sanitation facilities up from 44.7% of
households to, depending on demand, 80% by 2015

No. Outputs No. of users Total units Explanatory notes
2.1 Community Sanitation
2.1.1 Vulnerable households with access improved latrines as demonstrations. 4,835 967 The district will construct demonstration latrines for 5 of the most vulnerable households per village in 967 villages. Vulnerability criteria will be locally defined, but may include: HIV infected and AIDS patients, child-headed households, disabled persons, etc.
2.1.2 Vulnerable households abandon open defecation in favour of traditional or improved latrines. 218,570 175 Open defecation constitutes a public health hazard to entire communities. The district intends to eliminate open defecation as an option for excreta disposal through promotional activities that include passing and enforcement of by-laws. Target population will be 218,570
2.1.3 Households’ access and use improved sanitation facilities and services through market as a result of demand created by intensive communication /social marketing promotion. 379,069 7 The District will employ social and commercial marketing strategies to promote appropriate sanitation facilities. This will be done through a mass campaign on behavioral change and technological options that includes exchange visits, focus group discussion, drama and other participatory methods.
2.1.4 Households motivated to embrace key hygiene practices through district-wide sensitization campaigns. 379,069 7 District will focus on 4 key hygiene practices: safe water handling; effective use of latrines; correct method and frequency of hand-washing; and safe disposal of children’s feaces. Each hygiene campaign is one unit and is expected to reach 80% of the population
2.2 School Sanitation

2.2.1 Schools access a package of sanitation facilities that helps create a safe and hygienic environment for all school children in Chikwawa. 90,720 162 In order to achieve universal access to improved sanitation in its primary schools, the District will ensure that the 162 schools without adequate sanitation facilities are equipped with a sanitation package that includes improved latrines, hand washing facilities
2.2.2 Change agents (PTA members, school teachers and school sanitation club members) acquire knowledge and skills on use and application of CHAST and Life Skills materials. 4,860 4,860 The District will identify and train a total of 4,860 PTA members, school teachers and school sanitation club members from the 162 primary schools in the district as "change agents" to promote long-lasting behavioral change in children using CHAST and Life skills

2.3 Health Centres
2.3.1 Health centres access a package of sanitation facilities that helps create a safe and hygienic environment for health centre patients and staff. 110,000 11 In order to achieve universal access to improved sanitation in its health centres, the District will ensure that the 11 health centres that have been identified as not having adequate sanitation facilities are equipped with a sanitation package that include placenta pits, pit latrines and refuse disposal pit
2.3.3 Health centre staffs acquire knowledge and skills on hand washing and safe management of medical waste. 368 368 The District will assist the Ministry of Health to train health centre staff in key hygiene practices including hand washing and safe management of medical waste. Each health centre staff member trained constitutes one unit.







2.4 Management and Technical Capacity for Sanitation and Hygiene
2.4.1 Extension workers who serve as key channels of communication to the populace acquire the knowledge and skills to promote sanitation and hygiene. 360 360 The district will involve extension workers that serve as communication channels to the rest of the community and train them in community-based sanitation and hygiene promotion.
2.4.2 Supply chains established and functional in order to provide households, schools and health centres with sanitation commodities and services 329 22 In order to respond to demand created through social marketing, the District will support the establishment and/or upgrading of private sector production centres (sani centres), retail outlets (san marts), and building companies to produce, install and secure the facility.


Component 3 Institutional Development and Support
No. Outputs No. of users Total units Explanatory notes
3.1 Sector Management and Coordination

3.1.1 Advocacy, coordination and partnership development through joint meetings on planning, monitoring and evaluation and reporting. 105 735 Coordination of stakeholders is a key to the successful implementation of the Chikwawa District Wash plan. The DSIP will serve as a platform to promote common arrangements for planning, resource allocation, reviews common reports etc.
3.1.2 New posts created, staff recruited and training provided for District Water and Sanitation personnel. 9 9 The new Decentralization Policy has created a new set of roles and responsibilities and new institutional arrangements for delivery of services at district and sub-district levels. Once recruited, new staff will be trained in planning and management; tec
3.1.3 Additional office infrastructure for District Water Office 4 1


As in 3.1.2, new staff will require adequate office space to carry out their functions. One unit is equal to 100 square metres.
3.1.4 Information, Communication and Technology equipment 10 7 As in 3.1.2, new staff will require new office equipment and furniture to carry out their functions. One unit includes one computer, UPS and printer, 1 photocopier,10 memory sticks, 1 laptop and internet installation, digital camera
3.1.5 Office equipment and furniture 10 10 As in 3.1.2, new staff will require adequate office space to carry out their functions. A unit includes one set of office furniture (1 table, 1 swivel chair, 2 chairs for visitors, refrigerator and 1 file cabinet)
3.1.6 Stationary materials

10 7 1 unit include(24 reams,6 tonner,240 pens and 120 note pads,10 diaries)
3.1.7 Transportation and logistics All staff 1 Motorcycles are mainly for sub district extension staff while bicycles can be used for community work by HSAs and Water Monitoring Assistants. One unit equals 1 4 x 4 pickup vehicle, 10 motorcycles, 2 canoes, 1 engine boat and 32 bicycles.
3.1.7.1 Maintenance of motor vehicle, motorcycles and engine boat All vehicles, motor cycles, and engine boat 7 This includes purchasing new parts (tyres, tubes) and servicing which will be done on a quarterly basis. One unit cost includes the cost for vehicles, motorcycle and engine boat for a year.
3.2 Monitoring and Evaluation
3.2.1 Management Information System established, periodically updated and functional (data processed, reports produced and disseminated for decision making and coordination).
6
84 A key focus of the Chikwawa District WASH Plan is the sustainability of interventions and outputs. The District is moving towards a Results-Based Monitoring and Evaluation (RBME) system that includes output monitoring as well as implementation monitoring
3.3 Emergency Preparedness and Response
3.3.1 Regularly updated emergency response plan 7 7 Chikwawa is prone to disasters such as floods and cholera outbreaks. In order to keep the District's emergency response plan up to date, the District will organise one meeting per year over the 8 year period of the DSIP.
3.3.2 Emergency response activities including resource mobilization, information management and coordination.

21

7 Although it is impossible to predict the type and extent of emergencies that will be faced in a given year, the District has established an annual estimate for emergency response activities in the water and sanitation sector over the 7 year period .(1 unit consists of 3 meetings)
3.3.3 Reporting and monitoring of emergency response plan and activities
21
7 As in 3.3.2, the figures are based on the estimated cost of monitoring emergency response activities per year for 7 years.(reports and monitoring for every meeting)
3.4 Reporting and reviews
3.4.1 Knowledge Management and Networking: documenting and dissemination of best practices with other districts.

360

7 The District will promote information sharing both within the District and with other districts on key lessons, constraints and other experiences in order to improve knowledge management in the WASH sector.
3.4.2 National Policy/Statutes/Guidelines disseminated throughout the district. 379,069 7 This is a national level activity. The District is responsible for distribution only.(Consists 1 central level meeting and one district
3.4.3 Regular reviews with donors, DEC, DA and other stakeholders focusing on tracking progress, sustainability of outputs and prioritizing actions and benchmarks for the following year. 35 35 The district plans to combine all review activities into one mid-year and one year-end event in which all district partners shall be invited to participate. This will reduce demands on staff time and will promote the concept on one district plan, goal and(1 unit include two times a year UNICEF ,and one a month VDC,ADC,AEC,DCT and DEC meetings)

5.10 Summary Outcomes
The interventions outlined above are expected to result in the following summary outcomes:
• Approximately 379,060 people will have access to safe water within 500m of the house therefore reducing time and effort spent on water collection by women and girls;
• Approximately 379,060 people will use improved latrines, depending on demand;
• Estimated 11 health centres without adequate water and 4 health centres without adequate sanitation facilities will be upgraded thus achieving universal water and sanitation coverage in the district’s health centres;
• An estimated 46 primary schools, serving an estimated population of 21,840 students and teachers, will have improved water facilities, thus achieving targeted water coverage in the district’s primary schools;
• An estimated 162 primary schools, serving an estimated population of 90,720 students and teachers, will have improved sanitation facilities thus achieving universal coverage of improved sanitation in the district’s primary schools;
• School children and community members adopt better hygiene practises including hand washing, safe water use and use of latrines.
















CHAPTER SIX MONITORING & EVALUATION
A key focus of the Chikwawa District Strategic Investment Plan (DSIP) for WASH is the sustainability of interventions and outputs. Monitoring is a critical component of the DSIP. The District is moving towards a Results-Based Monitoring and Evaluation (RBME) system that includes output monitoring as well as implementation monitoring and is complemented by multi-level reviews. A special effort will be made to monitor the sustainability of project outputs, even beyond the implementation period 2009–2015.

The Chikwawa District WASH monitoring system has three specific areas of focus: progress against results; sustainability of project results; and data management.

Progress against results
The focus will be on monitoring of key indicators at community and household level as well as implementation process monitoring. These include:
• number of operational water points
• number of new users from newly constructed water points
• number of new users from rehabilitated water facilities
• number of schools with improved water facilities
• number of health centres with improved water facilities
• number of trading centres/public places with improved water facilities
• number of trading centres/public places with improved sanitation facilities
• number of VHWC buying spare parts from local shops
• number of organised and trained management committees
• number of NRCs trained in catchments conservation
• number of new users of new and improved latrines constructed
• number of demonstration latrines constructed for the poorest and most vulnerable
• number of schools with 10 improved latrines, 2 urinal blocks, and 2 hand washing facilities. The targeted schools require the amount stated to be close to the recommended sanitary standards.
• Number of local shops stocking spare parts
• percentage of survey respondents practicing 4 key WASH practices.

These key indicators will be monitored on a continuous basis in order to feed into mid-year and annual district reviews. All partners will be involved. Implementation process monitoring will be conducted through routine data collection and analysis using the existing tools and systems and modifying them to the MDG monitoring system using MASEDA. The results of such monitoring will be fed back into the DSIP for course corrections and overall improvement of the district WASH programme.

Sustainability of project results
Sustainability checks will involve annual audits of cumulative new water and sanitation users and random sample surveys such as MICS or household surveys. The District will use the MICS data and the updated water point inventory data as a baseline. Through its community-based extension workers, the District will record new users and new WASH facilities constructed and rehabilitated using new and existing monitoring tools such as the Village Register. The District will use a standard checklist, based on national standards and specifications for that particular technology, to certify all new constructions and rehabilitations before payments are made to contractors. Over the course of the DSIP, the District will build capacities and empower village or school committees to assume this function.

The District, together with its implementing partners, will select an independent agency to undertake annual audits that include facility audits and household surveys. Annual sustainability checks will determine: whether the routine monitoring system is correctly recording new users of facilities; to what extent the plan is reaching the planned annual targets; who is using the facilities; whether the facilities conform to national norms; the effectiveness of hygiene promotion; and the quality, functionality and sustainability of the facilities for sustained long term use.

Sustainability Checks will also help the District: to ensure that all facilities and systems put into place through DSIP resources continue to be used by target populations; to improve project sustainability measures (including community-based management of systems with service providers and supply chains at local levels); and to determine the necessity of revisiting systems for repair or replacement in the event of permanent breakdowns.

Data Management
The District will update information on existing water facilities to check their functionality annually. The trained VHWCs and area mechanics will update the data using GPS to directly record and download information on the status of new and existing facilities. Water point inventory data will be used for planning, decision-making, and resource mobilisation. The information generated will help to ensure that new services are provided to the areas with lowest coverage. Non-functioning water points will be referred to the area mechanics. Information on served and un-served villages will also be freely available to local communities, empowering them to express their rights for access to water. The CBOs and other groups within the district will oversee the annual process of updating the water point data.

Expected Impact
If the district acquires the required funds to meet the MDG targets as mentioned in this plan, it is expected that there will be:
• A reduction in child mortality from the current under 5 mortality rate is 205/1,000, to 80 by 2015;
• An increase in school enrolment, retention and attendance especially by girls; so that by 2015 there may be no longer gender disparities in primary education and
• An improvement in the well-being of people especially women.
• A considerable reduction in diarrhoeal diseases.
• A considerable reduction in floods occurrence
















CHAPTER SEVEN: BUDGET

Chikwawa district has a total budget of USD 15,544,794.06. The National Water Development Programme is to be implemented in Chikwawa.

Therefore, this is acts as a proposal to various development partners in water and sanitation. There is a lack of adequate financing mechanisms on a sustainable basis by different development partner coupled with inability of the poor to pay for investments in terms of maintenance contributions. To increase ownership by the communities and thereby sustainability the principle of cost sharing, with communities contributing with material or work representing 5% of the initial costs is being encouraged.
7.1 Estimated Costs by Output
The table below gives a detailed breakdown of costs by output. The table includes notes on calculations and unit costs.

Table 25: Estimated Costs by Output for Chikwawa DSIP
No. Outputs Total units Unit cost Total cost (MK) Notes on unit costs
1.1 Water Supply in Communities

1.1.1 Access to safe water from newly constructed boreholes






581 1,200,000.00 697,200,000.00 Unit cost is for one borehole based on recent market tenders.
1.1.2 Access to safe water from newly constructed protected wells





73 300,000.00 21,900,000.00 Unit cost is for one well based on recent market tenders
1.1.3 Access to safe water from newly piped water tap stands




218 380,000.00 82,840,000.00 Unit cost is for one tap stand as determined by MoIWD

1.1.4 Access to safe water from existing rehabilitated water points 620 250,000.00
155,000,000.00 Unit cost is for one rehabilitated water point based on recent market tenders
1.2 Water Supply in Schools
1.2.1 Access to safe water from new constructed boreholes in schools 39 1,200,000.00 46,800,000.00 One borehole per school. Unit cost is based on recent market tenders
1.2.2 Schools equipped with drinking water storage containers 1,296 2,500.00 3,240,000.00 One bucket per classroom, 8 classes per school, 162 schools. Unit cost is market price of one bucket per classroom
1.3 Water Supply in Health Centres

1.3.1 Health Centres access safe water from new constructed supply points 11 1,200,000.00 13,200,000.00 Unit cost as in 1.1.1
1.4 Water Resource Management

1.4.1 Natural Resource Committees (NRC) from targeted villages have knowledge and skills for community based water resource management (WRM) 861 90,000.00 77,490,000.00 Unit cost is for one training course per village for 861 villages
1.4.2 Villages have new trees planted and buffer zones created along river banks to prevent flooding. 400 15,000.00 6,000,000.00 Unit cost is the cost of planting trees in one village. 400 villages are targeted.

1.5 Water Supply Management and Technical Capacity including Operation and Maintenance
1.5.1 Area mechanics acquire knowledge, skills, tools and equipment for maintenance of protected water sources. 32 37,800.00 1,209,600.00 unit cost include MK1,500 allowance for 25 AMs for 8 days plus MK20,000 for each toolkit and MK3000 for each set of materials
1.5.2 Village Health and Water Committees (VHWC) are skilled in sustainable management of their protected water services. 6670 1,800.00 12,006,000.00 Unit cost is per person trained.
1.5.3 Water Point Committees (WPCs) have knowledge, skills and tools for preventive maintenance of protected water facilities. 1491 3,000.00 4,473,000.00 Unit cost is per person trained.
Component 2: Improved access to and sustained use of adequate sanitation facilities up from 15.5% of households to 80%, depending on demand
No. Outputs Total units Unit cost Total cost (MK) Notes on unit costs
2.1 Community Sanitation
2.1.1 Vulnerable households’ access improved latrines as demonstrations. 4835 5,000.00 24,175,000.00 Unit cost includes construction of one improved pit latrine with impermeable slab and superstructure
2.1.2 Vulnerable households abandon open defecation in favour of traditional or improved latrines. 175 20,020.00 3,503,500.00 Unit cost includes cost of one set of promotional activities. District to set aside funds.
2.1.3 Households’ access and use improved sanitation facilities and services through market as a result of demand created by intensive communication /social marketing promotion. 7 180,032.00 1,260,224.00 Unit cost is the price of one social marketing campaign
2.1.4 Households motivated to embrace key hygiene practices through district-wide sensitisation campaigns. 7 248,708.00 1,740,956.00 Unit cost is the price of a district-wide campaign on one key hygiene practise.
2.2 School Sanitation
2.2.1 Schools access a package of sanitation facilities that helps create a safe and hygienic environment for all school children in Nkhata-Bay. 162 3,400,000.00 550,800,000.00 Unit cost includes the cost of one sanitation package (10 latrines, 2 urinals & 2 hand washing facilities) per school.
2.2.2 Change agents (PTA members, school teachers and school sanitation club members) acquire knowledge and skills on use and application of CHAST and Life Skills materials. 4,860 3,350.00 16,281,000.00 Unit cost includes cost of training one person.
2.3 Health Centres
2.3.1 Health centres access a package of sanitation facilities that helps create a safe and hygienic environment for health centre patients and staff. 11 1,650,000.00 18,150,000.00 Unit cost includes the construction of 4 latrines, 1 placenta pit, 1 sharps pit, and hand washing facilities per health centre.
2.3.3 Health centre staffs acquire knowledge and skills on hand washing and safe management of medical waste. 368 5,540.00 2,038,720.00 Unit cost includes cost of training one staff member per day.
2.4 Management and Technical Capacity for Sanitation and Hygiene
2.4.1 Key groups who serve as key channels of communication to the populace acquire the knowledge and skills to promote sanitation and hygiene. 360 10,590.00 3,812,400.00 Unit cost is the cost of training and provision of simple PHAST toolkits for one person.
2.4.2 Supply chains established and functional in order to provide households, schools and health centres with sanitation commodities and services 22 303,372.00 6,674,184.00 Unit costs include training of masons and provision of start up kit for one san centre.

Component 3: Institutional Development and Support
No. Outputs Total units Unit cost Total cost (MK) Notes on unit costs
3.1 Sector Management and Coordination
3.1.1 Advocacy, coordination and partnership development through joint meetings on planning, monitoring and evaluation and reporting. 735 100,695.00 74,010,825.00 Unit cost is equivalent of lunch allowance for one person attending a DSIP coordination meeting.
3.1.2 New posts created, staff recruited and training provided for District Water and Sanitation personnel. 9 385,000.00 3,465,000.00 Unit cost includes recruitment,
training expenses and salaries for 1 District Water Office personnel for one year.
3.1.3 Additional office infrastructure for District Water Office 1 10,000,000.00 10,000,000.00 Unit cost is the cost of construction of 100 square metres of office space.
3.1.4 Information, Communication and Technology equipment 1 2,455,000.00 2,455,000.00 Unit cost includes cost of one computer, UPS and printer, It also include 1 laptop, photocopier and internet installation
3.1.5 Office equipment and furniture 10 105,000.00 1,050,000.00 Unit cost includes cost of one set of office furniture: 1 table, 1 swivel chair, 2 chairs for visitors and 1 file cabinet.
3.1.6 Stationary 7 311,400.00 2,179,800.00 1 unit includes 10 reams, 6 tonners, 50 pens+ note pads
and 20 diaries
3.1.7 Transportation and logistics 1 33,586,000.00 33,586,000.00 unit cost is the cost of one transportation set including 1 tonne pickup vehicle,10 motorcycles, 2 canoes, 1 engine boat and 58 bicycles
3.1.7.1 Maintenance of motor vehicle and motorcycle 7 2,680,000.00 18,760,000.00 Unit cost includes the cost of both vehicle and motorcycle for a year.
3.2 Monitoring and Evaluation
3.2.1 Management Information System established, periodically updated and functional (data processed, reports produced and disseminated for decision making and coordination). 84 26,870.00 2,257,080.00 Unit costs cover estimates of stationery and other printing expenses per month for this activity.
3.3 Emergency Preparedness and Response
3.3.1 Regularly updated emergency response plan 7 45,880.00 321,160.00 Estimated cost for organizing one emergency preparedness planning meeting per year.
3.3.2 Emergency response activities including resource mobilization, information management and coordination. 7 35,200,000.00 246,400,000.00 Unit cost is the estimated yearly budget for responding to emergencies.
3.3.3 Reporting and monitoring of emergency response plan and activities 28 771,000.00 21,588,000.00 Estimate for M&E of emergency operations.

3.4 Reporting and reviews
3.4.1 Knowledge Management and Networking: documenting and dissemination of best practices with other districts. 7 580,000.00 4,060,000.00 Unit cost is cost of organizing one meeting for information sharing per year.
3.4.2 National Policy/Statutes/Guidelines disseminated throughout the district. 7 76,850.00 537,950.00 Total cost is the price of 100 litres of fuel required for distribution of the materials.
3.4.3 Regular reviews with donors, DEC, DA and other stakeholders focusing on tracking progress, sustainability of outputs and prioritizing actions and benchmarks for the following year. 7 817,910.00 5,725,370.00 The unit cost is the costs associated with one review meeting.

7.2 Budget Summary

Based on the estimates of proceeding pages, the total budget of the Chikwawa DSIP is estimated at MK2,176,271,169.00/USD 15,544,794.06. Table 26 below provides a summary of costs by WASH component.
Table 26: Budget Summary for DSIP
No. Component 1 Total MWK Total USD
1.1 Water Supply in Communities 956,940,000.00 6,835,285.71
1.2 Water Supply in Schools 50,040,000.00 357,428.57
1.3 Water Supply in Health centres 13,200,000.00 94,285.71
1.4 Water Resources Management 83,490,400.00 596,360.00
1.5 Water Supply management & Technical Capacity 17,688,600.00 126,347.14
Subtotal Component 1 1,121,359,000.00 8,009,707.14
0.00
2.1 Community Sanitation 30,679,680.00 219,140.57
2.2 School Sanitation 567,081,000.00 4,050,578.57
2.3 Health Centres 20,188,720.00 144,205.14
2.4 Management and technical Capacity for sanitation 10,486,584.00 74,904.17
Subtotal Component 2 628,435,984 4,488,828.46

3.1 Sector Management and coordination 145,586,625.00 1,039,904.46
3.2 Monitoring and Evaluation 2,257,080.00 16,122.00
3.3 Emergency Preparedness and Response 268,309,160.00 1,916,494.00
3.4 Reporting and reviews 10,323,320.00 73,738.00
Subtotal Component 3 426,476,185 3,046,258.46
Total 2,176,271,169.00 15,544,794.06
Outstanding Balance to meet MDGs
Outstanding Balance to meet MDGs

7.3 Contributions
7.3.1 Community Investment
In order to increase ownership by the communities, and hence sustainability of the activities, the DSIP will operate on the principle of cost-sharing, in which communities are expected to contribute a percentage of the capital costs. This contribution may be made in cash, or more likely, in kind through material and labour. Payments will only be solicited once the facilities have been satisfactorily tested for capacity and quality. Community contributions towards capital costs are expected to reach at least 5% of the total costs of the basic facility. The communities are also responsible for all recurrent costs of operation and maintenance of borehole, hand pumps, taps, and other relevant facilities. Communities are being sensitized on different fund raising activities.

7.3.2 Partner Contributions
The Table 27 below shows various stakeholders who are implementing water and sanitation projects and are potential contributors towards the interventions outlined in this DSIP. It is expected that each organisation would communicate how much it would contribute and in what area on water and sanitation. The organisations are encouraged to indicate the percentage of their contribution in relation to the proposed budet line for each activity. Those organisations that have not been included are encouraged to communicate their interest to the Assembly of thier contribution.

The DSIP is a document for planning and resource mobilisation. Therefore, DSIP is to be used by national and district decision-makers, donors, NGOs, UN agencies and other partners to see areas where they can support in water and sanitation.


Table 27: Planning Tool for Tracking Funding Targets and Gaps for Chikwawa DSIP

Component 1: Improved access to and sustained use of safe water supply up from 45% to 80% by 2015
No. Outputs









No. of users Total units Explanatory notes Unit cost Total cost (MK) Notes on unit costs No. Government of Malawi District Assembly Community Contribution UNICEF World Vision Malawi Water for apeople ELDS European Union CAVWOC Unfunded targets
1.1 Water Supply in Communities
1.1.1 Access to safe water from newly constructed boreholes 145250 581 Boreholes fitted with hand pumps [Afridev] are the technology of choice. Users must be within 500m from source. Average number of people served by a borehole is 250. 1,200,000.00 697,200,000.00 Unit cost is for one borehole based on recent market tenders. 1.1.1
1.1.2 Access to safe water from newly constructed protected wells 9125 73 These are usually hand dug wells fitted with a direct action pumps. Users must be within 500m from source. Average number of people served by a well is 125. 300,000.00 21,900,000.00 Unit cost is for one well 1.1.2
1.1.3 Access to safe water from newly piped water tap stands 27250 218 Where upland springs exist, a pipeline through which water flows to downstream communities can be built or extended. Users must be within 500m from source. Average number of people served by a tap stand is 125. 380.00 82,840.00 Unit cost is for one tap stand as determined by MoIWD 1.1.3
1.1.4 Access to safe water from existing rehabilitated water points 155000 620 Existing systems are lying to waste due to malfunctions beyond community capacity to repair (e.g., silting, dropped in pump parts). Average number served of people by rehabilitated water point is 250. 250.00 155,000.00 Unit cost is for one rehabilitated water point 1.1.4
1.2 Water Supply in Schools
1.2.1 Access to safe water from new constructed boreholes in schools 21840 39 39 schools each with a population of 560. For highly populated schools, the district will explore possibility of a higher service level in which hydraulic parameters are fitted with solar driven motorized systems. 1,200,000.00 46,800,000.00 One borehole per school. Unit cost is based on recent market tenders 1.2.1
1.2.2 Schools equipped with drinking water storage containers 90720 1296 In order to ensure that water is still safe at the time of ingestion, the district will provide containers with taps to an average of 8 classrooms per school for 49 schools, each with a population of 560. 2,500.00 3,240,000.00 One bucket per classroom, 8 classes per school, 39 schools. Unit cost is market price of one bucket per classroom 1.2.2
1.3 Water Supply in Health Centres
1.3.1 Health Centres access safe water from new constructed supply points 110,000 11 Safe and adequate water supply is crucial for drinking, washing and cleaning in health centres in order to prevent secondary infections among patients due to lack of hygiene. 2 Health centres serving approximately 10,000 people per centre will be targeted 1,200,000.00 13,200,000.00 Unit cost as in 1.1.1 1.3.1
1.4 Water Resource Management
1.4.1 Natural Resource Committees (NRC) from targeted villages have knowledge and skills for community based water resource management. 12915 861 The NRCs are existing committees formed to safe guard the environment. In those villages with new/rehabilitated water points, the district will provide training to NRC members on key principles, skills and activities for integrated, community-based WRM. T 90,000.00 77,490,000.00 Unit cost is for one training course per village for 400 villages 1.4.1
1.4.2 Villages have new trees planted and buffer zones created along river banks to prevent flooding. 400 10000000 Tree planting coupled with creation of buffers zones along river banks can mitigate against flooding during rainy season, reduce soil erosion and support the hydrological cycle. The enitre district will be targeted. 15,001.00 6,000,400.00 100 trees per village for 400 villages. Unit cost is the cost of one village tree planting 1.4.2
1.5 Water Supply Management and Technical Capacity including Operation and Maintenance
1.5.1 Area mechanics acquire knowledge, skills, tools and equipment for maintenance of protected water sources. 32 32 Private sector area mechanics provide maintenance services for water points at a cost to the communities. The district will provide initial technical training, repair tools, bicycles and refresher courses every three years. 37,800.00 1,209,600.00 MK 834 allowance for 32 AMs for 8 days plus MK20,000 for each toolkit and MK3000 for each set of materials. 1.5.1
1.5.2 Village Health and Water Committees (VHWC) are skilled in sustainable management of their protected water services. 6670 667 Operation and maintenance of rural water supply is the responsibility of the community through the VHWC. The district will ensure that these committees are trained in topics such as management of maintenance funds, contracting area mechanics, etc. Ten com 1,800.00 12,006,000.00 Unit cost is per person trained. 1.5.2
1.5.3 Water Point Committes (WPCs) have knowledge, skills and tools for preventive maintenance of protected water facilities. 16401 1491 WPCs carry out simple preventive repairs and also ensure that the pump or water point is properly operated by the user community members. Two care takers per village in 452 villages will be trained. 3,000.00 4,473,000.00 Unit cost is per person trained. 1.5.3
Component 2: Improved access to and sustained use of adequate sanitation facilities up from 15.5% of households to, depending on demand, 80% by 2015
2.1 Community Sanitation
2.1.1 Vulnerable households’ access improved latrines as demonstrations. 4835 967 The district will construct demonstration latrines for 5 of the most vulnerable households per village in 452 villages. Vulnerability criteria will be locally defined, but may include: HIV/AIDS patients, child-headed households, disabled persons, etc. 5,000.00 24,175,000.00 Unit cost includes construction of one improved pit latrine with impermeable slab and superstructure 2.1.1
2.1.2 Vulnerable households abandon open defecation in favour of traditional or improved latrines. 218,570 175 Open defecation constitutes a public health danger to entire communities. The district intends to eliminate open defecation as an option for excreta disposal through promotional activities that include passing and enforcement of by-laws. Target population 20,020.00 3,503,500.00 Unit cost includes cost of one set of promotional activities. District to set aside funds. 2.1.2
2.1.3 Households’ access and use improved sanitation facilities and services through market as a result of demand created by intensive communication /social marketing promotion. 379,069 7 The District will employ social and commercial marketing strategies to promote appropriate sanitation facilities. This will be done through a mass campaign on behavioural change and technological options that includes exchange visits, focus group discussion. 180,032.00 1,260,224.00 Unit cost is the price of one social marketing campaign 2.1.3
2.1.4 Households motivated to embrace key hygiene practices through district-wide sensitisation campaigns. 379,069 7 District will focus on 4 key hygiene practices: safe water handling; effective use of latrines; correct method and frequency of hand-washing; and safe disposal of children’s faeces. Each hygiene campaign is one unit. The target population is the whole district 248,708.00 1,740,956.00 Unit cost is the price of a district-wide campaign on one key hygiene practise. 2.1.4
2.2 School Sanitation
2.2.1 Schools access a package of sanitation facilities that helps create a safe and hygienic environment for all school children in NkhataBay. 90720 162 In order to achieve universal access to improved sanitation in its primary schools, the District will ensure that the 169 schools without adequate sanitation facilities are equipped with a sanitation package that includes improved latrines, hand washing facility 3,400,000.00 550,800,000.00 Unit cost includes the cost of one sanitation package (10 latrines, 2 urinals & 2 hand washing facilities) per school. 2.2.1
2.2.2 Change agents (PTA members, school teachers and school sanitation club members) acquire knowledge and skills on use and application of CHAST and Life Skills materials. 4860 4860 The District will identify and train a total of 4500 PTA members, school teachers and school sanitation club members from the 194 primary schools in the district as "change agents" to promote long-lasting behavioural change in children using CHAST and Lif 3,350.00 16,281,000.00 Unit cost includes cost of training one person. 2.2.2
2.3 Health Centres
2.3.1 Health centres access a package of sanitation facilities that helps create a safe and hygienic environment for health centre patients and staff. 110,000 11 In order to achieve universal access to improved sanitation in its health centres, the District will ensure that the 8 health centres that have been identified as not having adequate sanitation facilities are equipped with a sanitation package that include 1,650,000.00 18,150,000.00 Unit cost includes the construction of 4 latrines, 1 placenta pit, 1 sharps pit, and hand washing facilities per health centre. 2.3.1
2.3.2 Health centre staffs acquire knowledge and skills on hand washing and safe management of medical waste. 368 368 The District will assist the Ministry of Health to train health centre staff in key hygiene practices including hand washing and safe management of medical waste. Each health centre staff member trained constitutes one unit. 5,540.00 2,038,720.00 Unit cost includes cost of training one staff member per day. 2.3.2
2.4 Management and Technical Capacity for Sanitation and Hygiene

2.4.1 Extension Workers who serve as key channels of communication to the populace acquire the knowledge and skills to promote sanitation and hygiene. 360 360 The district will identify key groups that serve as communication channels to the rest of the community and train them in community-based sanitation and hygiene promotion. These groups may include: DEC, ADC, VDC, and VHWC members; religious leaders, in-school students 10,590.00 3,812,400.00 Unit cost is the cost of training and provision of simple PHAST toolkits for one person. 2.4.1
2.4.2 Supply chains established and functional in order to provide households, schools and health centres with sanitation commodities and services 329 22 In order to respond to demand created through social marketing, the District will support the establishment and/or upgrading of private sector production centres (sani centres), retail outlets (san marts), and building companies to produce, install and se










303,372.00 6,674,184.00 Unit costs include training of masons and provision of start up kit for one san centre. 2.4.2
Component 3: Institutional Development and Support

3.1 Programme Management and Coordination
3.1.1 Advocacy, coordination and partnership development through joint meetings on planning, monitoring and evaluation and reporting. 735 735 Coordination of stakeholders is key to the successful implementation of the Mchinji District Wash plan. The DSIP will serve as a platform to promote common arrangements for planning, resource allocation, reviews common reports etc. Each person attending a 100,695.00 74,010,825.00 Unit cost is equivalent of lunch allowance for one person attending a DSIP coordination meeting. 3.1.1
3.1.2 New posts created, staff recruited and training provided for District Water and Sanitation personnel. 9 9 The new Decentralisation Policy has created a new set of roles and responsibilities and new institutional arrangements for delivery of services at district and sub-district levels. Once recruited, new staff willl be trained in planning and management; tec 385,000.00 3,465,000.00 Unit cost includes recruitment, training expenses and salaries for 1 District Water Office personnel for one year. 3.1.2
3.1.3 Additional office infrastructure for District Water Office 4 1 As in 3.1.2, new staff will require adequate office space to carry out their functions. One unit is equal to 100 square metres. 10,000,000.00 10,000,000.00 Unit cost is the cost of construction of 100 square metres of office space. 3.1.3
3.1.4 Information, Communication and Technology equipment 10 1 As in 3.1.2, new staff will require new office equipment and furniture to carry out their functions. One unit includes one computer, UPS and printer. 2,455,000.00 2,455,000.00 Unit cost includes cost of one computer, UPS and printer. 3.1.4
3.1.5 Office equipment and furniture 10 10 As in 3.1.2, new staff will require adequate office space to carry out their functions. A unit includes one set of office furniture (1 table, 1 swivel chair, 2 chairs for visitors and 1 file cabinet and refridgerator) 185,000.00 1,850,000.00 Unit cost includes cost of one set of office furniture: 1 table, 1 swivel chair, 2 chairs for visitors and 1 file cabinet and 1 refridgerator 3.1.5
3.1.6 Stationery 10 7 As in 3.1.2 the new office personnel would need stationery for the operation of the office 311,400.00 2,179,800.00 1 unit include(24 reams,6 tonner,240 pens and 120 note pads,10 diaries)
3.1.6
3.1.6 Transportation and logistics All Staff 1 Motorcycles are mainly for sub district extension staff while bicycles can be used for community work by HSAs and Water Monitoring Assistants. One unit equals 1 4x4 pick up vehicle, 10 motorcycles, and 58 bicycles. It is expected that these will have to be replace 33,586,000.00 33,586,000.00 Unit cost is the cost of one transportation set including:1 4x4 pick up vehicle, 10 motorcycles and 58 bicycles 3.1.6
3.1.7 Maintenance of Motor Vehicle and Motor Cycle Motor Vehicle, Motor Cycles and engine boat 7 Maintenance of these equipments is important for the operation of the office. 2,680,000.00 18,760,000.00 Unit cost includes the cost of maintenance and fuel for motor vehicle, motorcycle and engine boat for a year. 3.1.7
3.2 Monitoring and Evaluation
3.2.1 Management Information System established, periodically updated and functional (data processed, reports produced and disseminated for decision making and coordination). 3.2.1 Management Information System established, periodically updated and functional (data processed, reports produced and disseminated for decision making and coordination). 3.2.1 Management Information System established, periodically updated and functional (data processed, reports produced and disseminated for decision making and coordination). 3.2.1 Management Information System established, periodically updated and functional (data processed, reports produced and disseminated for decision making and coordination). 3.2.1
3.3 Emergency Preparedness and Response
3.3.1 Regularly updated emergency response plan 3.3.1 Regularly updated emergency response plan 3.3.1 Regularly updated emergency response plan 3.3.1 Regularly updated emergency response plan 3.3.1
3.3.2 Emergency response activities including resource mobilization, information management and coordination. 3.3.2 Emergency response activities including resource mobilization, information management and coordination. 3.3.2 Emergency response activities including resource mobilization, information management and coordination. 3.3.2 Emergency response activities including resource mobilization, information management and coordination. 3.3.2
3.4 Reporting and reviews
3.4.1 Knowledge Management and Networking: documenting and dissemination of best practices with other districts. 586,000 7 The District will promote information sharing both within the District and with other districts on key lessons, constraints and other experiences in order to improve knowledge management in the WASH sector. Key target audiences will be community workers, 580,000.00 4,060,000.00 Unit cost is cost of organizing one meeting for information sharing per year. 3.4.1
3.4.2 National Policy/Statutes/Guidelines disseminated throughout the district. 586,000 200 litres This is a national level activity. The District is responsible for distribution only. 76,850.00 537,950.00 Total cost is the price of 200 litres of fuel required for distribution of the materials. 3.4.2
3.4.3 Regular reviews with donors, DEC, DA and other stakeholders focusing on tracking progress, sustainability of outputs and prioritizing actions and benchmarks for the following year. 105 10 The district plans to combine all review activities into one mid-year and one year-end event in which all district partners shall be invited to participate. This will reduce demands on staff time and will promote the concept on one district plan, goal and 817,910.00 5,725,370.00 The unit cost is the costs associated with one review meeting. 3.4.3










Table 27: Planning Tool for Tracking Funding Targets and Gaps for Chikwawa DSIP
Component 1: Improved access to and sustained use of safe water supply up from 45% to 80% by 2015
No. Outputs









Total units Unit cost Total cost (MK) Government of Malawi District Assembly Community Contribution UNICEF World Vision Malawi Water for apeople ELDS European Union CAVWOC Unfunded targets
1.1 Water Supply in Communities
1.1.1 Access to safe water from newly constructed boreholes 581 1,200,000.00 490,000,000
1.1.2 Access to safe water from newly constructed protected wells 73 300,000.00 59,500,000
1.1.3 Access to safe water from newly piped water tap stands 218 380,000.00 82,840,000.00
1.1.4 Access to safe water from existing rehabilitated water points 620 250,000.00 155,000,000.00
1.2 Water Supply in Schools
1.2.1 Access to safe water from new constructed boreholes in schools 39 1,200,000.00 46,800,000.00
1.2.2 Schools equipped with drinking water storage containers 1296 2,500.00 3,240,000.00
1.3 Water Supply in Health Centres
1.3.1 Health Centres access safe water from new constructed supply points 11 1,200,000.00 13,200,000.00
1.4 Water Resource Management
1.4.1 Natural Resource Committees (NRC) from targeted villages have knowledge and skills for community based water resource management. 861 90,000.00 77,490,000.00
1.4.2 Villages have new trees planted and buffer zones created along river banks to prevent flooding. 10000000 15,001.00 6,000,400.00
1.5 Water Supply Management and Technical Capacity including Operation and Maintenance
1.5.1 Area mechanics acquire knowledge, skills, tools and equipment for maintenance of protected water sources. 32 37,800.00 1,209,600.00
1.5.2 Village Health and Water Committees (VHWC) are skilled in sustainable management of their protected water services. 667 1,800.00 12,006,000.00
1.5.3 Water Point Caretakers (WPCs) have knowledge, skills and tools for preventive maintenance of protected water facilities. 1491 3,000.00 4,473,000.00
Component 2: Improved access to and sustained use of adequate sanitation facilities up from 44.7% of households to, depending on demand, 80% by 2015

No. Outputs








Total units Unit cost Total cost (MK) Government of Malawi District Assembly Community Contribution UNICEF World Vision Malawi Water for apeople ELDS European Union CAVWOC Unfunded targets
2.1 Community Sanitation
2.1.1 Vulnerable households’ access improved latrines as demonstrations. 967 5,000.00 24,175,000.00 0 0 25% 242 0 90 0 0 0 0 0
2.1.2 Vulnerable households abandon open defecation in favour of traditional or improved latrines. 175 20,020.00 3,503,500.00 28 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0
2.1.3 Households’ access and use improved sanitation facilities and services through market as a result of demand created by intensive communication /social marketing promotion. 7 180,032.00 1,260,224.00 0 0 25% 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.1.4 Households motivated to embrace key hygiene practices through district-wide sensitisation campaigns. 7 248,708.00 1,740,956.00 0 0 25% 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.2 School Sanitation
2.2.1 Schools access a package of sanitation facilities that helps create a safe and hygienic environment for all school children in NkhataBay. 162 3,400,000.00 550,800,000.00 0 0 25% 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.2.2 Change agents (PTA members, school teachers and school sanitation club members) acquire knowledge and skills on use and application of CHAST and Life Skills materials. 4860 3,350.00 16,281,000.00 0 0 25% 2400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.3 Health Centres
2.3.1 Health centres access a package of sanitation facilities that helps create a safe and hygienic environment for health centre patients and staff. 11 1,650,000.00 18,150,000.00 0 0 25% 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.3.3 Health centre staff acquire knowledge and skills on hand washing and safe management of medical waste. 368 5,540.00 2,038,720.00 0 0 25% 140 0 10 0 0 0 0 0
2.4 Management and Technical Capacity for Sanitation and Hygiene
2.4.1 Key groups who serve as key channels of communication to the populace acquire the knowledge and skills to promote sanitation and hygiene. 360 10,590.00 3,812,400.00 0 0 25% 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.4.2 Supply chains established and functional in order to provide households, schools and health centres with sanitation commodities and services 22 303,372.00 6,674,184.00 0 0 25% 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Component 3: Institutional Development and Support

No. Outputs Total units Unit cost Total cost (MK) Government of Malawi District Assembly Community Contribution UNICEF World Vision Malawi Water for apeople ELDS European Union CAVWOC Unfunded targets
3.1 Programme Management and Coordination
3.1.1 Advocacy, coordination and partnership development through joint meetings on planning, monitoring and evaluation and reporting. 735 100,695.00 74,010,825.00
3.1.2 New posts created, staff recruited and training provided for District Water and Sanitation personnel. 9 385,000.00 3,465,000.00
3.1.3 Additional office infrastructure for District Water Office 1 10,000,000.00 10,000,000.00
3.1.4 Information, Communication and Technology equipment 10 2,455,000.00 2,455,000.00
3.1.5 Office equipment and furniture 10 185,000.00 1,850,000.00
3.1.6 Stationery 7 311,400.00 2,179,800.00
3.1.7 Transportation and logistics 1 33,586,000.00 33,586,000.00
3.1.7.1 Maitenance of motor vehicle and motor cycles 7 2,680,000.00 18,760,000.00
3.2 Monitoring and Evaluation
3.2.1 Management Information System established, periodically updated and functional (data processed, reports produced and disseminated for decision making and coordination). 84
26,870.00
2,257,080.00

3.3 Emergency Preparedness and Response
3.3.1 Regularly updated emergency response plan 7 45,880.00 321,160.00
3.3.2 Emergency response activities including resource mobilization, information management and coordination. 7 35,200,000.00 246,400,000.00
3.3.3 Reporting and monitoring of emergency response plan and activities 7 771,000.00 21,588,000.00
3.4 Reporting and reviews
3.4.1 Knowledge Management and Networking: documenting and dissemination of best practices with other districts. 7 580,000.00 580,000.00
3.4.2 National Policy/Statutes/Guidelines disseminated throughout the district. 200 litres 76,850.00 76,850.00
3.4.3 Regular reviews with donors, DEC, DA and other stakeholders focusing on tracking progress, sustainability of outputs and prioritizing actions and benchmarks for the following year. 10 817,910.00 817,910.00